Restoration of Prairie Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: Two Decades of Progress at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa
1
Iowa Geological Survey, University of Iowa, 109 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
2
Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, US Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 399, Prairie City, IA 50228, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2014, 3(1), 206-238; https://doi.org/10.3390/land3010206
Received: 19 December 2013
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Revised: 19 February 2014
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Accepted: 20 February 2014
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Published: 6 March 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Perspectives on Environmental Conservation)
Tallgrass prairie once occupied 67.6 million hectares in the North American Midwest but less than 0.1% remains today. Consisting of more than 2200 ha, Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge (NSNWR) was established by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the 5217 ha Walnut Creek watershed in Jasper County, Iowa. Large tracts of land are being converted from row crop agriculture to native prairie and savanna with the goal to restore the landscape to a semblance of the condition that existed prior to Euro-American settlement. Understanding hydrologic processes at the watershed scale has been a focus of research at NSNWR for nearly two decades and the purpose of this paper is to integrate research results from monitoring projects to assess the progress made towards restoring five key hydrologic components: the water balance, stream network, streamflow hydrograph, groundwater levels and water quality. Restoration of hydrology is severely challenged by the history of hydrologic changes that occurred in the basin during a century of intensive agricultural activity. We document measurable progress in restoring key hydrologic processes in some areas, particularly in upland catchments compared to the larger watershed scale and discuss the timeframe needed to observe changes at short- and long-term scales.
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Keywords:
tallgrass prairie; restoration; Iowa; hydrology; water balance; land use/land cover change; water quality
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MDPI and ACS Style
Schilling, K.E.; Drobney, P. Restoration of Prairie Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: Two Decades of Progress at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa. Land 2014, 3, 206-238. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3010206
AMA Style
Schilling KE, Drobney P. Restoration of Prairie Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: Two Decades of Progress at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa. Land. 2014; 3(1):206-238. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3010206
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchilling, Keith E., and Pauline Drobney. 2014. "Restoration of Prairie Hydrology at the Watershed Scale: Two Decades of Progress at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa" Land 3, no. 1: 206-238. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3010206
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