Loving and Healing a Hurt City: Planning a Green Monterrey Metropolitan Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Urban Problems
2.2. Emotions and Urban Planning
Love is a fire that burns unseen; |
It’s a wound that hurts and doesn’t feel; |
It is discontented contentment; |
It is a pain that goes unnoticed without hurting. |
It’s not wanting more than wanting well; |
It’s a lonely walk between us; |
It’s never to settle for happiness; |
It is a care that gains in losing itself. |
It’s wanting to be trapped by will; |
It’s serving those who win the winner; |
Have someone kill us, loyalty. |
But how to cause can your favor |
In human hearts friendship, |
If so, contrary to itself, is it the same love? |
2.3. Earth Emotions
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA)
3.2. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Discrepancy Between the Natural Qualities and Urban Impacts
4.2. Need to Distinguish Between the Pain, Healing, and Love
- (Landscape) Pain—The painful emotions (visual, emotional, physical, and health) highlight all elements that people experience as unpleasant or hurting. Landscape pain has been identified as the estimated visual and/or environmental problems, in a qualitative analysis, based on the individual mapping of specific topics (Section 4.3).
- Heal—The healing opportunities were the solutions for the identified problems (pain), in the form of the scenarios and greening strategy (this is a research-by-design and creative step and not derived explicitly from data). These emotions can help to compensate for and repair pain, resolving the environmental or visual pain. This way, healthy landscapes reduce the negative impacts induced. Air and water pollution are reduced to acceptable levels, visual landscape disturbances are removed, and spatial misfits, such as too-large constructions and too-broad infrastructures are reduced in size. The scale at which healing is most effective is at the systems or structural level and at the source of the pain (e.g., emission of toxic pollutants).
- Love—This is a projection of design principles for several characteristic spaces in the city, for instance where the pain is most felt (heavy infrastructure or visual barriers for example), or where opportunities emerged (hydrological corridors for example). These emotions indicate the transformations of public spaces to make them attractive for the residents (human and non-human) to access, spend time with or in, and appreciate. This goes beyond the reparation of negative impacts (pain) but improves the quality of the direct environment, often at the (hyper)local scale.
4.3. Landscape Pain Is Widespread
- Quarries and constructions in nature reserves. In the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), 1289 ha. are excavations (quarries) found on slopes in mountain zones. In addition, 29,928 constructions (houses or other buildings) are located on slopes of mountains and hills. Of these constructions, 3497 are in Natural Protected Areas.
- Green spaces. There is a lack of access to green spaces and a limited amount of green space per person. In the entire Metropolitan Area, including the urban fringes and agricultural land, there is 22.2 m2 of green space per inhabitant. However, these green spaces are not equitably accessible to all inhabitants, and the indicator is not representative of a green city compared to the 51 m2 per capita in Barcelona [95]. At the same time, it is advised to have a minimum of 9.5 m2 of green space per inhabitant [111]. Although this indicator is outdated and is average, while urban areas are composed of very different densities, functionalities, and activities, it still indicates how well cities do. When parks and green spaces in the urban precincts of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area are calculated, there is only a mere 4 m2 of green space per capita.Furthermore, applying the 3-30-300 rule [112], the advised 30% of tree cover is only met in 50% of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, and only 43% of the population has access to a green public space within 300 m or a five-minute walk [113]. For vulnerable groups such as children (25%) and elderly (40%), this accessibility is even lower. This unbalanced distribution of green spaces over the different neighborhoods in the city leads to the most vulnerable urban population living in the hottest conditions, suffering from urban heat [114]. In Monterrey, approximately 40% of the population that faces a medium or high social gap [97] has access to a public green space.
- Main roads (over six lanes) and surface parking. In the MMA 670 km of highways, over six lanes are found and over 996 ha. for parking, which is two-thirds of the space allocated for public parks. The emissions caused by the cars using this infrastructure are estimated at 7,764,568 tons of CO2/year. This car infrastructure has profound impacts on human health through air pollution [115], soil degradation [116], and a general decline in quality of life [117].
- Large-size buildings. In the MMA, 972 buildings of over 10,000 m2 and another 7628 between 2500 and 10,000 m2 are found. These buildings, mainly logistics and industrial, have no or a significant deficit of green spaces on and around them. It causes large, uncovered surfaces, which are a primary cause of the urban heat island effect [118,119].
- Rail tracks and public transport are elevated above ground (metro system). The 411 km of rail tracks provide a noise problem, as many of these lines generate 80–100 dB [120] and 19.3 km of elevated metro lines. The transportation network exaggerates barriers between neighborhoods, rivers, and green spaces, creating problematic underpasses that reduce the views of the mountainous landscape.
- Polluting industries such as the Pemex refinery emit the majority of PM10 and PM2.5 particles, causing adverse effects on human health and causing life-threatening diseases [121]. It is estimated that, in 2021, 1684 deaths were directly related to air pollution.
4.4. Healing
4.5. Love
- The hydro-ecological corridors (Figure 7) are revived as linear elements located where the original creeks flowed. The design principle aims to integrate nature into the city, re-naturalize watersheds [117], and reduce temperatures in the MMA. The transformation from an impermeable street without green and trees under which the waterway is hidden into a pleasant space for people to linger and enjoy it from their homes has not only environmental benefits but also invites people to go out and use the space and be close to nature.
- 2.
- Water retention spaces (Figure 8) are located in areas where water runs off the mountain slopes, and there is a serious risk of flooding. The retention basins or ponds are designed to recharge the aquifer by infiltration and water absorption into the soil, and in the meantime, will reduce flood risk and improve the natural habitat. These spaces are crucial to slowing down runoff water, storing it, and releasing it slowly, but they also present an attractive small park to the people where they can experience nature, cooler temperatures, contemplate, and relax. It transforms an old quarry, currently a neglected space, into an area where people can relate to and spend time.
- 3.
- Green islands have high permeability, contrary to concrete squares, roofs, or facades. This design principle aims to allow nature to reconquer these spaces and surfaces. This way, green areas emerge and are integrated into neighborhoods through small parks, green roofs, and vertical green facades. For example, people can use these novel green spaces as an urban food garden. These implementations allow people to become active and collaborate on planting and harvesting collectively grown crops. These practices improve social cohesion in the neighborhood, and people feel more attached to their direct environment [139,140]. As an additional benefit, these green spaces reduce the impervious surface, regulate the temperature, minimize urban heat, and capture excess rainwater.
- 4.
- Greenways are spaces aligned with the road and rail network. Many of these left-over spaces are neglected and have become unsafe and unpleasant, turning into spatial barriers that are difficult to cross for pedestrians. By proposing to improve the spatial quality using green and natural vegetation and clear paths and routes, these spaces can become a place for people to rest and safely cross these infrastructures. They could even become spaces where the residents spend more time for play or recreation since they feel more at ease. In addition, these areas can regulate the local water system and can prevent droughts and floods, and biodiversity is enhanced.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- Pain is primarily focused on experienced problems, and mapping pain is an analytical process on a regional-to-local scale. It visualizes the current situation.
- Healing is oriented towards the systemic strategies that can heal broken elements and landscapes in the metropolis; hence, it is working on a regional scale and focusing on the future.
- Love aims to develop concrete future design solutions for the (hyper)local scale at the neighborhood and public space extents.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Map | Data Source |
---|---|
Rio Bravo basin | Lehner et al., 2008 [91] |
Monterrey’s subbasins | INEGI 2020 [92] |
Ecoregions | Secretaría de Medio Ambiente de Nuevo León 2023 [93] |
Land cover | NALCMS |
Green cover, city comparison | INEGI (2023) [94], BC Stats (2023) [103], Instituto Nacional d’Estadística I Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya (2022) [95], GHS Settlement Characteristics (2018) [96]. |
Percentage natural area | NALCMS 2020, GHSL 2018 [96] |
Proximity to green spaces and accessibility by vulnerable groups | LANDSAT 2019, Population and Housing Census [104], INEGI, 2020 [104], Open Street Maps, CONEVAL 2020 [97] |
Heat index | URSA, BID |
Rainfall | CONAGUA [98], Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, 2023 [105] |
Urban growth | Secretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León, Carpio et al., 2021 [99], GHSL and Consejo Nuevo León |
Urban density | Secretaría de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo León (2018), Carpio et al. (2021) [99], GHSL and Consejo Nuevo León (2023). |
Urban heat islands and wildfires | Copernicus Agencia Espacial Europea (2024) [100]; Global land analysis and discovery (2022) [101] |
Air quality | The Observatory of Air Quality in Metropolitan Monterrey OCCAMM 2024 [102] |
Verb | Translation | Etymology | Explanation |
---|---|---|---|
PAIN | |||
Terraphthora | Earth-destroyer | terra = earth; phthora = to destroy, destroy, ruin | Earth destroyers will be increasingly held accountable, both by the public and politicians. |
Tierratrauma | Earth trauma | tierra = region/zone; trauma = wound | An ‘acute Earth-based existential trauma in the present’. |
Solastalgia | Consolation | solari = to comfort; nostalgia = longing for past times | A ‘pain or distress caused by the loss -or lack of- solace and the sense of desolation connected to the present state of one’s home and territory’. |
Terrafuria | Climate rage | terra = earth; furia = anger, rage | ‘The extreme anger unleashed within those who can see the self-destructive tendencies in the current forms of industrial-technological society and feel they must protest and act to change its direction’. |
HEAL | |||
Sumbiofact | Built-with-nature | sumbio = from the close cooperation between two or more different biological entities; factum = operation, creation, result of action/deed | Fabricated by human/nature interaction. As distinct from ‘artifact’, an object made artificially by a human being. |
Symbiocene | symbiosis = living together; kainos = new | The Symbiocene will be in evidence when there is no discernible impact of human activity on the planet other than the temporary remains of their teeth and bones. Everything that humans do will be integrated within the support systems of all life and will leave no trace’. | |
LOVE | |||
Endomophilia | Own-place-love | endemos = native, at home, born and raised in, among us; philia = love for | ‘The particular love of that which is locally and regionally distinctive as felt by the people of that place’. |
Eutierria | Planet connection | eu = good; terra = earth; tierra = region/zone | ‘A positive and good feeling of oneness with the Earth and its life forces where the boundaries between self and the rest of nature are obliterated and a deep sense of peace and connectedness pervades consciousness’. |
Psychoterratic | Earth soul movements | psyche = the human soul or spirit; terratic = relating to the earth | ‘Emotions related to (positively and negatively) perceived and felt states of the Earth’. |
Terranascia | Soil enricher | terra = earth; nascia = to be born | ‘Green Gold’, ’Earth creator’ |
Map | Data Sources |
---|---|
Quarries and constructions in natural reserves | NPA, Open buildings dataset (Google Earth Engine), Sirko et al., 2021 [106] |
Large roads (more than six lanes each way) | INEGI [104] |
XL and L buildings | Open buildings dataset (Google Earth Engine, https://sites.research.google/gr/open-buildings/#open-buildings-download, Accessed on 9 October 2024) [107]. Sirko et al., 2021 [106] |
Heat islands | Debbage and Marshall Shepherd, 2015 [108] |
Railways and above metro system | INEGI, PRIMUS 2019 [92] |
Energy infrastructure/air quality | Secretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable de Nuevo Leon, 2018. |
Hydrological obstructions | INEGI 2020 [92], Open buildings dataset [107] |
Landscape transformation | Balon et al., 2023 [109]; Cao et al., 2020 [110] |
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Share and Cite
Roggema, R.; Rubio Cisneros, I.I.; Junco López, R.; Ramirez Leal, P.; Ramirez Suarez, M.; Ortiz Díaz, M. Loving and Healing a Hurt City: Planning a Green Monterrey Metropolitan Area. Land 2025, 14, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010164
Roggema R, Rubio Cisneros II, Junco López R, Ramirez Leal P, Ramirez Suarez M, Ortiz Díaz M. Loving and Healing a Hurt City: Planning a Green Monterrey Metropolitan Area. Land. 2025; 14(1):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010164
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoggema, Rob, Igor Ishi Rubio Cisneros, Rodrigo Junco López, Paulina Ramirez Leal, Marina Ramirez Suarez, and Miguel Ortiz Díaz. 2025. "Loving and Healing a Hurt City: Planning a Green Monterrey Metropolitan Area" Land 14, no. 1: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010164
APA StyleRoggema, R., Rubio Cisneros, I. I., Junco López, R., Ramirez Leal, P., Ramirez Suarez, M., & Ortiz Díaz, M. (2025). Loving and Healing a Hurt City: Planning a Green Monterrey Metropolitan Area. Land, 14(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14010164