Construction of Landscape Ecological Risk Collaborative Management Network in Mountainous Cities—A Case Study of Zhangjiakou
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analytical Framework
2.2. Overview of the Study Area
2.3. Data Source
2.4. Methods
2.4.1. Land Use Changes Analysis
- (1)
- Land Use Transfer Matrix
- (2)
- Geographical Distribution Measurement
2.4.2. Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment
2.4.3. Spatial Analysis Methods
- (1)
- Global Spatial Autocorrelation
- (2)
- Social Network Analysis (SNA) Method
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes in Zhangjiakou
3.2. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Landscape Ecological Risk (LER) Changes in Zhangjiakou
3.2.1. Overall Analysis on LER
3.2.2. Distribution of Land Use Types in LER
3.2.3. Spatial Analysis on LER
3.3. Social Network Analysis of LER
3.3.1. Analysis on Overall Network and Individual Counties
3.3.2. Zoning of Counties Based on LER Social Network
4. Discussion
4.1. Multi-Dimensional Influencing Factors of Land Use Change
4.2. Driving Factors of Spatiotemporal Pattern of LER
4.3. Explanations and Comparisons of Spatial Autocorrelation and Social Network Analysis
4.4. Policy Implications for Collaborative Network Management of LER
4.5. Research Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2000 to 2020, the transfer among cultivated land, forestland, and grassland significantly dominated the land use change in Zhangjiakou. Construction land exhibited the most substantial expansion, which was primarily concentrated in the urban built-up areas and areas along the Jing-Zhang Railway.
- (2)
- During the study period, the LER in Zhangjiakou exhibited a decline trend. In spatial analysis, the overall distribution pattern of LER in Zhangjiakou demonstrated a relatively stable yet dynamic trend. The LER in the transitional areas between Bashang Plateau–Baxia Plain and the foothills exhibited relatively higher level. Throughout the study period, Zhangjiakou consistently exhibited a spatial clustering of the LER, which demonstrated an overall upward trend.
- (3)
- Xuanhua, Qiaodong, Qiaoxi, Wanquan, and Zhangbei hold a crucial position in the LER collaborative management network. Based on the SNR results, counties of Zhangjiakou were classified into three zones. Counties in primary spillover zone should prioritize measures to mitigate the local LER. While counties in the primary beneficial zone should consider implementing policies such as intercounty transfer payments, counterpart-assistance programs, and support for the provision of necessary professional assistance. Meanwhile, counties in the bidirectional correlation zone should act as intermediaries, actively promoting cooperation and consensus-building among counties.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Symbol | Calculation | Ecological Meaning of Index |
---|---|---|---|
Landscape fragmentation | Ci | Ci reflects the degree to which a landscape is fragmented, indicating the complexity of its spatial structure and the extent of human disturbance to landscape. In the equation: ni is the number of patches of landscape type i and Ai is the total area of landscape type i. | |
Landscape separation | Ni | Ni represents the degree of separation among individual patches within a specific landscape type. In the equation: ni denotes the number of patches of landscape type i, Ai represents the total area of landscape type I, and An indicates the total area of the region. | |
Landscape fractal dimension | Di | Di represents the complexity of the shape of patches within a specific landscape type, reflecting the extent of human impacts on the landscape. In the equation: Pi denotes the perimeter of landscape type i and Ai represents the total area of landscape type i. | |
Landscape disturbance | Ei | Ei reflects the degree of disturbance experienced by different landscape ecosystems. A smaller disturbance index is more favorable for biological survival. The weights for Ci, Ni, and Di are represented by the coefficients a, b, and c, respectively, with the condition that a + b + c = 1. Based on existing researches and thorough analysis, it is concluded that the fragmentation index holds primary significance, followed by separation degree and fractal dimension; the weights are determined as a = 0.5, b = 0.3, and c = 0.2. | |
Landscape vulnerability | Vi | Normalizing processing | Vi reflects the sensitivity of different landscape types to external disturbances, with higher values indicating a weaker resistance to external interference. Drawing on previous research findings, the landscape vulnerability is assigned values as: unused land = 6, water area = 5, cultivated land = 4, grassland = 3, forestland = 2, construction land = 1. After the normalizing treatment, the Vi of each landscape type was obtained. |
Landscape loss | Ri | Ri = Ei × Vi | Ri reflects the degree of loss of different landscape types when exposed to both natural and human disturbance. This is constructed using Ei and Vi. |
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Li, M.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y.; Liu, S.; Cai, M.; Sun, Q. Construction of Landscape Ecological Risk Collaborative Management Network in Mountainous Cities—A Case Study of Zhangjiakou. Land 2024, 13, 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101586
Li M, Zhang L, Chen Y, Liu S, Cai M, Sun Q. Construction of Landscape Ecological Risk Collaborative Management Network in Mountainous Cities—A Case Study of Zhangjiakou. Land. 2024; 13(10):1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101586
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mu, Lingli Zhang, Yuanyuan Chen, Shuangliang Liu, Mingyao Cai, and Qiangqiang Sun. 2024. "Construction of Landscape Ecological Risk Collaborative Management Network in Mountainous Cities—A Case Study of Zhangjiakou" Land 13, no. 10: 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101586
APA StyleLi, M., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Cai, M., & Sun, Q. (2024). Construction of Landscape Ecological Risk Collaborative Management Network in Mountainous Cities—A Case Study of Zhangjiakou. Land, 13(10), 1586. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101586