Patterns of Public Spaces in Spanish Mediterranean Touristified Historic Centres Based on Their Activities: Case Study of Malaga
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
2.1. Approach to the Issue from the Street Unit
2.2. Indicators for Touristification
2.2.1. Multi-Variables Studies
2.2.2. Variable-Specific Studies
Variable | Indicator | Results | Territorial Unit | Name of Unit, City (Year) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residential use | % Residential use on ground floor | 43.47 | Public space | Seoulsup 2-gil St., Seoul (2014) | [24] |
Activity on ground floor | % Commercial activity | 100 | Public space | Garosu-gil St., Seoul (2014) | [24] |
% Catering activity | 14.89 | Public space | Bangbae-ro 42-gil St., Seoul (2014) | [24] | |
No. of local shops | 475 | Area | Historic City, Malaga (2017) | [30] | |
No. of restaurants and accommodation | 306 | Area | Historic City, Malaga (2017) | [30] | |
No. of restaurants | 252 | Neighbourhood | Cannaregio, Venice (2019) | [34] | |
No. of shops | 882 | Neighbourhood | San Marcos, Venice (2019) | [34] | |
No. of restaurants | 204 | Neighbourhood | Baixa and Chiado, Lisbon (2020) | [32] | |
No. of shops | 261 | Neighbourhood | Baixa and Chiado, Lisbon (2020) | [32] | |
% Premises that remain in activity | 61 | Area | Santa Catalina, Seville (2020) | [29] | |
% Closed traditional premises | 21 | Area | Santa Catalina, Seville (2020) | [29] | |
% Tourist premises | 18 | Area | Santa Catalina, Seville (2020) | [29] | |
No. of premises/50 × 50 | 21 | Area | Historic Centre, Malaga (2021) | [33] | |
Franchises | % Franchises | 16 | Neighbourhood | Central Harlem, New York (2006) | [31] |
% Franchises | 72.82 | Public space | Garosu-gil St., Seoul (2014) | [24] | |
No. of franchises | 53 | Area | Historic City, Malaga (2017) | [30] | |
% Franchises | 100 | Block | Larios St., Malaga (2019) | [23] | |
% Franchises | 40.6 | Neighbourhood | Chiado, Lisbon (2020) | [32] | |
Occupation of public space | % Occupation | 90 | Public space | Uncibay Sq., Malaga (2015) | [23] |
% Occupation | 19 | Public space | Alianza Sq., Seville (2019) | [20] | |
% Occupation | 30 | Public space | Real Sq., Barcelona (2019) | [20] | |
% Occupation | 1.85 | Public space | Batallas Sq., Valladolid (2022) | [25] | |
Area of ccupation | 75400 | City | Barcelona (2022) | [35] | |
No. of terraces | 7729 | City | Milan (2022) | [35] | |
Touristification of housing | % Airbnb apartments/Total housing | 37.34 | Neighbourhood | Sol, Madrid (2018) | [36] |
% Tourist rental housing/Total housing | 18.24 | District | Historic Centre, Seville (2019) | [37] | |
% Tourist rental housing/Total housing | 6.51 | District | Historic Centre, Cadiz (2019) | [37] | |
% Airbnb apartments/Total housing | 47.55 | Neighbourhood | Alfama, Lisbon (2019) | [38] | |
Tourist accommodation | % Tourist accommodation | 53 | Block | Malaga (2018) | [23] |
No. of tourist rental housing | 20,837 | City | Madrid (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 20,404 | City | Barcelona (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 7233 | City | Valencia (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 6284 | City | Seville (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 6051 | City | Malaga (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 1939 | City | Palm of Mallorca (2019) | [39] | |
No. of tourist rental housing | 1151 | City | Bilbao (2019) | [39] | |
Tourist use | No. of point of interest | - | City | Seville | [40] |
No. of points of interest according to Tripadvisor | - | City | Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, Palm of Mallorca, Bilbao (2019) | [39] |
3. Methodology and Case Study
3.1. Methodology
- Selection of the sample (identification of touristified public spaces). The pedestrianised public spaces of interest for the analysis are selected on the basis of two characteristics: high intensity of activity on the ground floor of the adjacent buildings and high occupation of the public space by terraces and exhibitors. The first is measured by the percentage of façade length of active premises (commercial and catering) per unit of public space. The second is measured by the percentage of occupation (area of restaurant terraces and commercial displays) per public space.
- Identification of the scope of each case of the exhibition. The scope of each sample case is identified, which is made up of the area of public space and the adjacent plots.
3.2. Case Study of Historic Centre of Malaga
4. Results
4.1. Determination of Indicators for the Touristification of Public Space
4.1.1. Indicators of Activities of the Plots Adjacent to the Public Space
- BRES|Residential use. The objective of this indicator is the percentage of real residential use in each area. This takes into account the residential use obtained from the cadastre website [48], without taking into account the dwellings converted into tourist accommodation according to the official listings of Tourist Establishments and Services [49]. With respect to the literature, this indicator is used from the number of dwellings [36] or amount of population [34]. However, given the street unit and the possibility of a relationship with other uses, it is redefined on the basis of the built-up area.
- BACC|Tourist accommodation. The indicator of Marín Cots [23], is taken as a reference and adapted to the surface area. For this purpose, hotel tourist accommodation (H: hotel, hostel, guest house and guesthouse), tourist apartments (TA: buildings and complexes) and tourist rental housing (TRH: supply of complete dwellings and rooms) registered in official listings of Tourist Establishments and Services [49] are identified. The surface area of each property is then obtained according to the cadastre website [48].
- BAPA|Touristification of housing. The indicator of Parralejo and Díaz-Parra [37] is taken as a reference and adapted to surface area. To do so, tourist apartments (TA: buildings and complexes) and tourist rental housing (TRH: supply of complete dwellings and rooms) registered in official listings of Tourist Establishments and Services [49] are identified. The floor area of each property is then obtained according to the cadastre website [48].
- BTOU|Tourist use. Based on the literature [40], this indicator is proposed to determine the tourist offer from the building in relation to the study unit. For this purpose, tourist buildings are taken to be those buildings that are accessible to the public or by means of tickets offered as museums (MU) [50] and monuments (MO) [51].
- AINT|Ground-floor activity intensity. This indicator aims to measure the number of existing premises in each area. For this purpose, it takes other studies as a reference, but the indicator is redefined based on the surface area of existing premises compared to the total ground floor [22,29,32]. For testing in 2022, the methodology of OMAU [22] is used, and updated through fieldwork.
- ATYP|Type of activity on the ground floor. It aims to define the specificity of the ground-floor activity with respect to the total built surface of the active premises. Although previous studies take into account the typology of premises [22,29,32], ATYP allows the activity of each public space to be categorised into commercial, catering, or mixed according to ACOM and ACAT. For testing in 2022, the methodology of OMAU [22] is used, and updated through fieldwork.
4.1.2. Indicators of Activities of the Public Space
- SOCC|Occupation of public space. The following indicator is taken as a reference of Elorrieta Sanz et al. [20], although the area occupied by commercial exhibitors is added, as already done by Huerga-Contreras and Martínez-Fernández [25], in addition to the restaurant terraces. The data for the study year are obtained through fieldwork.
- FTOU|Tourist façade. This measures the percentage of the length of the tourist façade with respect to the total length of each area. This indicator provides the quality of the public space as a focus of tourist attraction. Recent literature already takes into account that rehabilitated areas are likely to generate tourist attractions [10]. However, this indicator, beyond the rehabilitated surface area, quantifies it on the basis of the façades of museums [50], monuments [51] and advertised public spaces.
4.2. Patterns of Public Spaces
- Representative. This pattern corresponds to spaces where franchised commercial activity predominates over other activities. This characteristic can be seen in the façades, which mostly have shop windows integrated into the façade of the building, and do not occupy the public space with exhibitors. This pattern shows a scarcity of residential use due to the intense tertiarisation in offices they suffer from. In addition, they are tourist areas of the city, so it is common to find representative street furniture such as sculptures, fountains, etc. in this type of space.
- Commercial. This pattern corresponds to spaces with intense commercial activity. In contrast to pattern 1, this pattern occupies public space with exhibitors, as well as the use of other systems such as showcases and shop windows added to façades to advertise their activity. According to the sample, this pattern presents a higher percentage of surface area destined for residential use. However, some specific problems are identified: the proliferation of franchises, and the touristification of housing through tourist apartments.
- Tertiary. This pattern corresponds to mixed-activity spaces, i.e., commercial and catering. Both activities occupy the public space with displays and terraces, respectively. Therefore, the public space is characterised by being very busy due to its activity. Although these are areas with a higher percentage of residential use than other patterns, the high intensity of activity can generate problems of coexistence with the residents of these spaces. In some cases, two problems are identified: the proliferation of franchises in commercial activity and high values in the touristification of housing.
- Catering. This pattern corresponds to areas of catering activity. This has a direct impact on residential use, which presents the problem of a growing supply of tourist accommodation and, specifically, the touristification of housing. In addition, public space in most cases presents high occupancy values due to terraces and the different elements of their furniture: tables, chairs, or awnings, among others.
- Recreational. This pattern corresponds to areas suffering from a saturation of tourist accommodation and restaurant activity. Residential use is minimal due to the touristification of housing. Public spaces are crowded by a proliferation of terraces, and therefore, mobility conflicts are common due to the narrowness of the passageways between them. Moreover, their location tends to be in smaller public spaces (section or surface area) close to others with tourist attractions.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Name | Equation | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Building | BRES|Residential use It measures the percentage of residential use area adjacent to the public space. | [48,49] | |
BACC|Tourist accommodation It measures the percentage of tourist accommodation area adjacent to the public space. | [48,49] | ||
BAPA|Touristification of housing It measures the percentage of TA and TRH area in relation to the residential area adjacent to the public space. | [48,49] | ||
BTOU|Tourist use It measures the percentage of tourist use area adjacent to the public space. | [48,50,51] | ||
Activity | AINT|Ground-floor activity intensity It measures the percentage of active commercial and catering premises on ground floor adjacent to the public space. | Fieldwork | |
ATYP|Type of activity It measures predominant type of activity on the ground floor. | It is calculated from ACOM and ACAT. | ||
ACOM|It measures the percentage of commercial premises in relation to the total premises. | Fieldwork | ||
ACAT|It measures the percentage of catering premises in relation to the total premises. | Fieldwork | ||
AFRA|Franchises It measures the percentage of franchises on the ground floor adjacent to the public space. | Fieldwork |
Element | Name | Equation | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Street/Square | SOCC|Occupation of public space It measures the percentage of occupation by exhibitors and terraces on the public space. | Fieldwork | |
Façade | FTOU|Tourist façade It measures the percentage of length of tourist façade in relation to the total length of public space. | [48,50,51] |
Indicators | 1. Representative Marques de Larios St. | 2. Commercial Especerias St. | 3. Tertiary Granada St. | 4. Catering Hernan Ruiz St. | 5. Recreational Capitan St. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRES | 26.82 | 50.32 | 43.86 | 38.11 | 18.90 |
BACC | 11 | 14.51 | 25.20 | 25.04 | 50.39 |
BAPA | 3.42 | 19.61 | 24.94 | 39.66 | 72.72 |
BTOU | 0 | 0 | 2.17 | 0 | 0 |
FTOU | 100 | 0 | 23.34 | 0 | 0 |
SOCC | 0.90 | 0.18 | 17.79 | 25.14 | 29.05 |
AINT | 0.90 | 72.35 | 65.47 | 55.57 | 91.53 |
ATYP | COM | COM | MIX | CAT | CAT |
AFRA | 65.87 | 37.77 | 17.35 | 0 | 0 |
Image | Location | Diagram—Pattern |
---|---|---|
Marques de Larios St. | 1. Representative | |
Especerias St. | 2. Commercial | |
Granada St. | 3. Tertiary | |
Hernan Ruiz St. | 4. Catering | |
Capitan St. | 5. Recreational |
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Conejo-Arrabal, F.; Rosa-Jiménez, C.; Nebot-Gómez de Salazar, N. Patterns of Public Spaces in Spanish Mediterranean Touristified Historic Centres Based on Their Activities: Case Study of Malaga. Land 2023, 12, 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081546
Conejo-Arrabal F, Rosa-Jiménez C, Nebot-Gómez de Salazar N. Patterns of Public Spaces in Spanish Mediterranean Touristified Historic Centres Based on Their Activities: Case Study of Malaga. Land. 2023; 12(8):1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081546
Chicago/Turabian StyleConejo-Arrabal, Francisco, Carlos Rosa-Jiménez, and Nuria Nebot-Gómez de Salazar. 2023. "Patterns of Public Spaces in Spanish Mediterranean Touristified Historic Centres Based on Their Activities: Case Study of Malaga" Land 12, no. 8: 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081546
APA StyleConejo-Arrabal, F., Rosa-Jiménez, C., & Nebot-Gómez de Salazar, N. (2023). Patterns of Public Spaces in Spanish Mediterranean Touristified Historic Centres Based on Their Activities: Case Study of Malaga. Land, 12(8), 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12081546