From Garden City to 15-Minute City: A Historical Perspective and Critical Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. History/Genealogy of the Concept
3.1. Origin
3.2. Evolution
4. The Basic Features of the 15-Minute City Concept
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Neighborhood Planning Movements | Proximity | Density | Diversity | Mixed-Use | Modularity | Adaptability | Flexibility | Human-Scale Design | Connectivity | Digitalization |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garden city | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ |
Neighborhood unit | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
Modernism | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Post-modernism | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ |
Eco-urbanism | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
15-minute city | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Sustainability Aspect and Criteria | Garden City | Neighborhood Unit | Modernism | Post-Modernism | Eco-Urbanism | 15-Minute City | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment | Development in existing urban areas | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Agricultural and rural lands protection | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Green infrastructure provision | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Environmental protection (ecology, biodiversity, etc.) | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | |
Lowering transport-related energy use | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Shorter commuting time | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reducing energy waste | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Energy-efficient buildings | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | |
Clean and green energies | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Higher physical activity | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Decentralization of urban services | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Addressing spatial and temporal gaps in access to urban services | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | |
Complementing public transportation | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Walkability | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Accessibility | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reduced car dependency | M | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Economic | Distribution of business activities | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ |
Providing the required density to support businesses | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Job–housing proximity | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Addressing spatial mismatch | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | |
Job–skill mismatch | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Minimum transportation costs | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Population threshold to support businesses | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Minimum infrastructures costs | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reducing parking demand | M | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Social | Inclusive and equitable community | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Affordable housing | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Increasing safety | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Community facilities and civic spaces | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Resident participation | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Promotion of social encounters | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Shorter daily commuting | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Reducing road accident | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Local vernacular, culture, heritage, and identity | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ |
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Khavarian-Garmsir, A.R.; Sharifi, A.; Hajian Hossein Abadi, M.; Moradi, Z. From Garden City to 15-Minute City: A Historical Perspective and Critical Assessment. Land 2023, 12, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020512
Khavarian-Garmsir AR, Sharifi A, Hajian Hossein Abadi M, Moradi Z. From Garden City to 15-Minute City: A Historical Perspective and Critical Assessment. Land. 2023; 12(2):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020512
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhavarian-Garmsir, Amir Reza, Ayyoob Sharifi, Mohammad Hajian Hossein Abadi, and Zahra Moradi. 2023. "From Garden City to 15-Minute City: A Historical Perspective and Critical Assessment" Land 12, no. 2: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020512