Research on CLUFS and Its Application in Rapid Prediction of the Impact of Regulating Services Value in Construction Projects

Abstract

With the development of human society and the acceleration of urbanization, the impact of construction projects on the ecological environment is increasingly attracting attention. Conducting an ecological environmental impact assessment of construction projects is crucial to protect the ecological environment and achieve sustainable development. To estimate how construction projects would affect the value of ecosystem services, this paper develops the China Land Use Feature Data Sets (CLUFS) and uses the Beijing “One Line Four Mines” project as an example. Research found that the project’s conservation and restoration zone and the landscape construction zone will significantly enhance the ecosystem regulation services value. The conservation and restoration zone will increase by 30% from the current 1.413 billion yuan per year to 1.836 billion yuan per year, and the landscape construction zone will increase by 69% from the current 400 million yuan per year to 676 million yuan per year. The tourism development zone, dominated by urban construction, will result in a decrease in ecosystem regulation services, from 19.26 million yuan per year to 17.60 million yuan per year by 9%. Overall, the “One Line Four Mines” project achieved a balance of ecological value and surplus. The method proposed in this paper for predicting the impact of ecosystem regulation services value on construction projects can be used to quickly evaluate the effects of different planning schemes on the ecosystem services value of land parcels to help urban planning decision-makers control the condition of land use. It can provide new indicators for the ecological environment department to incorporate ecological benefits into the evaluation system of planning schemes and new methods for evaluating the ecological protection effectiveness of projects.

1. Introduction

The city’s rapid development brought economic and social prosperity and caused the exhaustion of ecological resources and severe damage to the ecological environment. With the continuous outward expansion of urban construction space, the natural ecological space and the ecosystem services [1,2,3] produced for human beings continue to be reduced. The decrease in ecological land area caused by construction land expansion and land use change is the main reason for the loss of ecosystem services value. To protect the ecological environment and realize sustainable development, conducting an ecological environmental impact assessment of construction projects is imperative.

An ecological environmental impact assessment is a method to predict, assess, and control the influence on such areas as ecosystems, natural resources, and biodiversity caused by the construction projects when planning, designing, and implementing them. It helps to reduce negative impacts, improve environmental sustainability, and provide a scientific basis for environmental decisions. Domestic and foreign experts and scholars conducted a large number of studies on the connotation theory, index system, method model, and other issues of ecological environment assessment. The connotation of ecological environment assessment can be summarized into two aspects, one is the assessment of the changes and characteristics of the ecosystem itself, and the other is the assessment of human factors’ needs for the ecosystem. Nitu Wu et al. [4] constructed grassland health evaluation indicators from both positive and negative factors, incorporating ecological function into positive factors and human activity intensity into negative factors for evaluation; Yaping Ye et al. [5] constructed a provincial ecological environment quality evaluation index system based on the first level indicators of ecological environment quality, human impact degree, and human demand degree; Jiaojiao Ma et al. [6] used the comprehensive index method to analyze and evaluate the natural ecological environment of Guangzhou by overlaying three environmental factors: vegetation coverage (NDVI), bare soil index, and slope; Lei Zhu [7] used SPSS 19.0 and regression equations to simulate the relationship between economic development and pollutant emissions, environmental investment and pollution control, and population and cultivated area; Zhang Hua et al. [8,9,10] studied ecological and environmental issues based on Landsat with higher spatial resolution, SPOT satellites, MODIS with higher temporal resolution, etc. Various advanced technologies and methods were widely applied in the field of ecological environment research. At the same time, with the development of ecological economics, ecologists and economists conducted a lot of research on evaluating changes in the value of natural capital and ecological services. Costanza et al.’s research [11] on estimating the value of global ecosystem services and natural capital further enriched the content of ecological and environmental impact assessment. Domestic scholars such as Zhiyun Ouyang [12,13] and Gaodi Xie [14,15] studied the localization of ecosystem services in combination with the actual situation in China. After that, domestic and foreign experts carried out studies on the benefit assessment of the demarcation of ecological protection red line [16,17], ecosystem services supply and demand assessment and spatialization [18,19], and ecosystem services simulation under different development scenarios [20]. Felipe S. et al. [21] suggested the association of the economic benefits with the ecological benefits of ecosystem services and including the ecological benefits in the decision-making system to protect natural ecosystems.

At present, the ecological environmental impact assessments in China are increasingly diversified, which gradually cover all kinds of ecosystems with the scale ranging from large-scale macro assessments such as provincial and municipal ones to ecological, environmental problems in small regions with different functional areas and different geographical types. The environmental assessment of the complex ecosystem with humankind as the main influencing factor is gradually considered [22]. However, there are still some problems in general: (1) The existing ecological and environmental assessment cases are prone to the index assessment method in terms of content. Different evaluation factors are given different weights for weighted summation to assess the eco-environmental function [23] comprehensively, but a comprehensive and complete ecological, environmental assessment method involving various objects and scales is not yet formed. (2) The current research on the status quo of ecological environment is relatively mature, but there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation on the temporal and spatial dynamics of regional ecological, environmental quality and the prediction of future trends. Moreover, the existing ecological and environmental assessments from the ecological perspective mostly stay at the research level, focusing on an urban regional scale, which makes it difficult to guide the implementation of the project development scale in urban development. Chinese scholars Zhiyun Ouyang et al. [13] proposed value assessment methods such as gross ecosystem product (GEP) can comprehensively assess the impact of construction projects on the environment and better support decision-making.

Therefore, the current question for urban ecosystem research and planning and management decision-makers is: how to evaluate the ecological environmental impact of the planning scheme before the implementation of the planning project, intervene in the planning as soon as possible, put forward suggestions, and scientifically predict the ecosystem services value after the completion of the project, to carry out corresponding measures to balance the occupation and compensation to maintain the stability of the ecosystem services value before and after the project construction. Urban and rural construction projects are the basic unit of urban development, which has practical and important research value. From the perspective of ecosystem services value, this paper made the CLUFS-Beijing (Beijing version of China Land Use Feature Data Sets) and created an ecosystem services forecasting model based on the accounting of ecosystem services value of Beijing and its Mentougou District in 2020. Furthermore, the paper, taking the construction project of “Western Beijing’s One Line Four Mines” in Mentougou District as an example, conducted the ecosystem services value prediction of the project, innovating the ecosystem services value prediction method of the project scale. The ecological value prediction based on CLUFS can make an expected assessment of the ecological environmental impact benefit the planning scheme at the early stage of project implementation and put forward suggestions on the scheme to promote the fairness of occupation and compensation of ecological resources, maintain the stability of ecosystem services functions, and provide new ideas for incorporating ecological benefits into the evaluation system of planning schemes.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Area

The Western Beijing’s “One Line Four Mines” and coordinated development project in the surrounding area (hereinafter referred to as the “One Line Four Mines” Project) are located in the east of Mentougou District, Beijing (Figure 1). The “One Line” refers to the Mentougou–Muchengjian Railway, with a total length of 33.4 km and “Four Mines” refers to the four coal mines of Wangping, Datai, Muchengjian, and Qianjuntai, which are distributed in sequence along the Mentougou–Muchengjian Railway. The project covers “One Line” and “Four Mines” and their radiation range of 99 km². Belonging to a midlatitude continental monsoon climate, the Yongding River flows through the eastern part of the region, with abundant ecological resources and a good environment. With the national industrial structure adjustment policy, since the coal industry in Western Beijing was shut down one after another, the economic development of the “One Line Four Mines” project area was restricted, coupled with Mentougou being classified as an ecological conservation zone. In order to accelerate the transformation and development of the region of Western Beijing, the “One Line Four Mines” area plans to build a new form of ecological and cultural tourism around the idle assets of the railway, making a new contribution to regional green development. According to the Regulations on Ecological Protection and Green Development in Ecological Conservation Zones of Beijing [24], whoever engages in land development and construction activities in ecological conservation zones shall take measures to protect the ecological environment, and whoever causes adverse effects on the ecological environment shall be held responsible for the repair in time. Subject to this provision, this paper predicted the ecosystem services value in the construction activities of the “One Line Four Mine” project. It evaluated and analyzed its construction impact and the balance of occupation and compensation results.

2.2. Data Source

The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Mentougou Government provided the primary data materials used in this study:

1.

GEP accounting results of Beijing and its Mentougou District in 2020:

Gross ecosystem product (GEP) refers to the sum of the value of the final products and services provided by the ecosystem for human welfare and sustainable economic and social development in a certain period and region, mainly including the value of the material products, regulation services, and cultural services provided by the ecosystem. The GEP accounting results of Beijing and its Mentougou District in 2020 are calculated by the relevant research group of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, according to the Beijing local standard [25], which helps find out the ecological products in the whole region and preliminarily calculate the value of ecological products in the Mentougou District in 2020. Accounting results include material products (biomass supply), regulation services (sand fixation, carbon sequestration, sedimentation reduction, non-point source pollution retention, flood reduction, noise reduction, air purification, climate regulation, water purification, and water conservation), and cultural services (tourism and wellness, leisure and recreation, and landscape premium). In addition, the accounting results of major ecological products are in the form of maps, which can realize the statistical analysis of the GEP status quo in any region to provide important data and information basis for this study.

2.

Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System (IUEMS):

IUEMS (https://www.iuems.com/eco/index.html, (accessed on 9 October 2023)) is a software platform for urban ecosystem assessment, planning, and management developed by Zhiyun Ouyang, a researcher at the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This paper used accounting models and classification tools in IUEMS to process and analyze the data.

3.

Conceptual Planning of Western Beijing’s One Line Four Mines and Comprehensive Implementation Plan of Wangping Mine planning in Wangping Town, Mentougou District, Beijing:

This study referred to the relevant planning results provided by the Mentougou Office of Beijing Municipal Commission of Planning and Natural Resources, Western Beijing Culture and Tourism, and other units, including Conceptual Planning of the Western Beijing’s One Line Four Mines and Comprehensive Implementation Plan of Wangping Mine Planning in Wangping Town, Mentougou District, Beijing, vector boundary map and electronic map, and other materials.

2.3. Analytical Tool

The analytical tools used in this paper consist of two parts (shown in Figure 2). One is China Land Use Feature Data Set (CLUFS, see Section 2.4 of this paper), and the other is the Project Ecological Impact Forecast (P-FORECAST, http://124.239.168.199:6009/#/select/pro, (accessed on 9 October 2023)). P-FORECAST mainly applies the scenario substitution method to simulate the scenario after the completion of the project (based on CLUFS), calculate the ecosystem services value of the simulated scenario, and compare the simulation results with the ecosystem services value before the construction to illustrate the ecological environment impact of the construction project.

2.4. Building China Land Use Feature Data Set

China Land Use Feature Data Set (CLUFS) is a database for land use features of various cities in China, built based on years of primary data accumulation under the support of an important research project of the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. CLUFS currently includes a variety of spatial data, such as ecosystem services raster maps, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and net primary production (NPP) of eight typical cities in China. Beijing is one of the eight typical cities, the dataset of which is built during this research. CLUFS can help retrieve various spatial data of typical construction projects of various cities that completed the value assessment of ecosystem regulation services and check the location, basic information, and spatial distribution of various raster data. Those interested can view the data and use it for research.

To build CLUFS-Beijing, we recruited and trained three cartographers with knowledge of urban and rural planning and ecology to ensure that the database classification is correct and the boundaries are as accurate as possible. According to the Guidelines on Classification of Land and Sea Use for National Space (Trial) [26], we extracted typical project types in urban and rural construction land, such as residential land, business land, hospitals, parks, stadiums, libraries, shopping malls, stations, airports, etc. According to the classification of project types, we selected specific projects in Beijing that meet the similar ecological status, numbered them, used the LocaSpace Viewer 4 to draw the boundaries of the projects (in Shapefile format), and collected the relevant construction information of the projects to make project description documents (in txt and png format). Finally, based on the data atlas of the Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting Report of Beijing (2020) and the Gross Ecosystem Product Accounting Report of Mentougou (2020), spatial data extraction (in tiff format) was carried out for each project, all of which formed CLUFS-Beijing. It was recorded in the platform system for easy retrieval and application.

2.5. Technical Route of Ecological Regulation Services Impact Prediction for Construction Projects

Through the analysis and data collection of the planning scheme, we extracted the business types and related data information involved in the planning. We sifted suitable simulation scenarios from the CLUFS to predict the impact of the ecological services value. Finally, we analyzed the current and predicted ecological services values through the comparison to supplement the possible impact of the construction project on the ecological environment. Ecosystem regulation services value (ERV) was calculated using scenario substitution. The specific formula is as follows:

$${ER}_{i\left(planning\right)}=\frac{{ER}_{i\left(scenario\right)}}{A_{\left(scenario\right)}}\times A_{\left(planning\right)}$$

(1)

$$ERV=\sum _{i=1}^n{ER}_i\times P_i$$

(2)

$$Q=\frac{{ERV}_{\left(planning\right)}-{ERV}_{(status quo)}}{{ERV}_{(status quo)}}\times 100\%,$$

(3)

the Type i ecosystem regulation services biophysical value of the reference scenario; $A_{\left(scenario\right)}$ is the area of the reference scenario; $A_{\left(planning\right)}$ is the area of the planning project; ERV is the ecosystem regulation services value; ER_i is the Type i ecosystem regulation services biophysical value (the regulation services types studied include SF (sand fixation), CS (carbon sequestration), SR (sedimentation reduction), PR (non-point source pollution retention, divided into TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus)), FR (flood reduction), AP (air purification, divided into SO2,NOX,DUST), CR (climate regulation), WP (water purification, divided into COD (chemical oxygen demand), TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus)), and WC (water conservation)); P_i is the price of Type i ecosystem regulation services (determined based on the market value of Beijing, as shown in

Table 1. Pricing table for various regulation services in Beijing.

Regulation Services		Functional Quantity Unit	Price	Value Unit
SF		Ton (t)	28.71 yuan/t	yuan
CS		Ton (t)	65.00 yuan/t	yuan
SR		cubic meter (m3)	21.54 yuan/m³	yuan
PR	TN	Ton (t)	17,500 yuan/t	yuan
	TP	Ton (t)	56,000 yuan/t	yuan
FR		Ton (t)	2.70 yuan/m³	yuan
AP	SO2	Ton (t)	12,632 yuan/t	yuan
	NOX	Ton (t)	12,632 yuan/t	yuan
	DUST	Ton (t)	3000 yuan/t	yuan
CR		kilowatt hours (kwh)	0.49 yuan/KWh	yuan
WP	COD	Ton (t)	14,000 yuan/t	yuan
	TN	Ton (t)	17,500 yuan/t	yuan
	TP	Ton (t)	56,000 yuan/t	yuan
WC		Ton (t)	5.47 yuan/m³	yuan

); and Q is the increase after the construction of the project.

The technology roadmap is shown in Figure 3 below.

3. Results

3.1. Spatial Division and Situational Substitution Results

The research scope of the One Line Four Mines project includes: 99 km² of overall planning scope, 20 km² of landscape planning scope, and 2 km² of urban design scope. In this study, to prevent duplication of accounting, the spatial overlapping areas were removed, and each type was represented separately: 79 km² of CRZ (conservation and restoration zone), 18 km² of LCZ (landscape construction zone), and 2 km² of TDZ (tourism development zone). The three types of areas were divided according to landscape type (or business type), and the CLUFS-Beijing was used to select the appropriate simulation scenario. The conclusion of this study made predictions based on the “One Line Four Mines” project with reference to the current status of existing conservation and restoration, landscape construction, and related urban construction in Beijing; that is, technology accessibility and application scenario. The regulation services types studied include SF (sand fixation), CS (carbon sequestration), SR (sedimentation reduction), PR (non-point source pollution retention, divided into TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus)), FR (flood reduction), AP (air purification, divided into SO2, NOX, and DUST), CR (climate regulation), WP (water purification, divided into COD (chemical oxygen demand), TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus)), and WC (water conservation). Alternatives and explanations are shown in

Table 2. Description of landscape/business type alternative scenarios.

Radius	Item Type	Serial Number	Alternative Scenario	Reference Reason
CRZ	Natural scenery	01	Shuanglongxia Natural Scenic Area	Same latitude and longitude and topographic features.
LCZ	Railway ruins park	02	Jingmen Railway Site Park	Located in the east of Mentougou, with good ecological environment and obvious railway theme, which accords with the planning objectives in the program.
	Riverside park	03	Miyun New City riverside forest Park	Located at the confluence of Baihe River and tidal river, it is similar to the planning scheme and has a long history and culture as well as a good ecological base.
TDZ	Station	04	Shidu Station	The railway station, which is also a cultural tourist attraction, has the same nature and audience.
	Visitor center	05	Summer Palace Visitor Center	Small and ecologically sound.
	Hotel	06	Wangjing 798 Hotel	Similar to the positioning of the hotel in the program, it serves tourists and business travelers.
	Residential hostel	07	Ten cross flower hostel	The guest house in the scenic area, the characteristic farmhouse, and the ecological environment is good.
	Parking lot	08	Lianhuashan parking lot	The scale of Lianhuashan parking lot is in line with the design of first-line four mines, including large vehicles and small cars.
	Exhibition hall	09	Chinese painting and calligraphy masters exhibition hall	Theme exhibition hall, small scale.
	Commercial street	10	ShilihenTianjiao cultural city	Characteristic commercial culture street can promote local characteristic folk culture and sell small commodities.
	Quality development base	11	East Stone Sports Park	There are many sports venues, and the ecological environment is very good, suitable for residents of many ages and tourists to carry out activities.
	Interactive experience center	12	Shidu sturgeon parent-child paradise	Both belong to the parent–child interactive experience center, the ecological environment is very good, and suitable for weekend travel.
	Convalescent center	13	Bielang Bay Health Centre	Integrate diet and nutrition, physical training methods, rehabilitation treatment, and other healthy lifestyle services and treatment solutions, give high-quality and humanized meetings, hold special lectures, community forums, high-end banquets, and celebrations or private parties.
	Research base	14	Capital science theme research base	It is composed of five parts: teaching area, teaching items, teaching activities, and expert team, with reasonable layout and full use of space.
	School for the aged	15	Beijing Dongcheng University for the Aged	Perfect facilities, good ecology, and in line with the objectives of the plan.
	Ski service base	16	Lianhuashan ski Resort	Mature ski resort with perfect facilities and many projects.
	Office space,	17	751D park Design Plaza	Stylish office space, in line with modern office needs and cultural tourism characteristics.
	Plaza	18	CBD Cultural Square	It belongs to the People’s Square and has the same function.
	Park	19	Huangcaowan Country Park	It is a natural oxygen bar with natural countryside landscape and wild interest and greenery as the theme.
	Fishpond	20	Happy fishing park	Fishing experience park, also has other functions.

, and the location of the reference scenario is shown in Figure 4.

3.2. Prediction of Influence of ERV in the TDZ

The TDZ covers an area of 2 km², including 12 urban design plots, such as Wangping, Dadai, and Muchengjian. Different land use functions were given to give full play to each plot’s characteristic natural and cultural resources. After classification and statistical calculation, the ERV of the TDZ is shown in

Table 3. Comparison before and after construction of ERV in the TDZ.

Index		Current Functional Quantity	Current Value (yuan)	Planned Functional Quantity	Planning Value (yuan)
SF		530.58 t	15,233	1606.95 t	46,135
CS		407.70 t	26,501	537.07 t	34,909
SR		4870.63 m3	104,913	1660.65 m3	35,770
PR	TN	98.84 t	1,729,689	33.70 t	589,815
	TP	28.85 t	1,615,623	9.84 t	550,958
FR		160,360.96 t	4,132,501	182,161.86 t	4,694,311
AP	SO2	4.42 t	55,841	5.31 t	67,114
	NOX	2.77 t	34,987	3.28 t	41,422
	DUST	12.73 t	38,186	15.93 t	47,794
CR		8,799,975.33 kwh	4,311,987	10,559,364.80 kwh	5,174,088
WP	COD	1.66 t	23,267	1.45 t	20,259
	TN	0.13 t	2254	0.11 t	1963
	TP	0.13 t	7214	0.11 t	6281
WC		277,939.88 t	7,162,510	244,167.98 t	6,292,208
TOTAL		-	19,260,712	-	17,603,034

Note: Rounding results in a change in the number after the decimal point, and there is an error in the sum of the data in the table.

below. The current ERV of this plot is about 19.2607 million yuan per year, with WC (7.1625 million yuan per year, 37.19%), CR (4.3120 million yuan per year, 22.39%), and FR (4.1325 million yuan per year, 21.46%) accounting for the highest proportion. The post-planning expected ERV would be about 17.6030 million yuan per year, with WC (6.2922 million yuan per year, 35.75%), CR (5.1741 million yuan per year, 29.39%), and FR (4.6943 million yuan per year, 26.67%) accounting for the highest proportion. The post-planning ERV would decrease by about 9%, indicating that the planning scheme in the region is detrimental to the existing ecological quality to some extent.

3.3. Prediction of Influence of ERV in the LCZ

The LCZ covers an area of 18 km², which extends outward along the Mentougou–Muchengjian Railway and Yongding River for comprehensive environmental governance and unified landscape planning and construction, connecting the historical and humanistic elements, ecological mountains and rivers, industrial and mining relics, and other resources along the line to form a multi-theme railway relics park and riverside park, integrating mountains and rivers. The statistics show the ERV of the LCZ in

Table 4. Comparison before and after construction of ERV in LCZ.

Index		Current Functional Quantity	Current Value (yuan)	Planned Functional Quantity	Planning Value (yuan)
SF		5798.81 t	166,483	18,603.74 t	534,113
CS		5150.90 t	334,808	4248.80 t	276,172
SR		59,035.10 m3	1,271,615	19,501.09 m3	420,053
PR	TN	1198.00 t	20,964,943	401.44 t	7,025,211
	TP	349.69 t	19,582,391	117.67 t	6,589,560
FR		6,617,566.27 t	170,534,683	14,579,000.63 t	375,700,846
AP	SO2	60.96 t	770,096	69.24 t	874,668
	NOX	35.75 t	451,549	36.59 t	462,250
	DUST	165.15 t	495,464	179.02 t	537,069
CR		190,767,454.79 kwh	93,476,052	278,117,570.43 kwh	136,277,609
WP	COD	176.17 t	2,466,365	2229.62 t	31,214,687
	TN	13.66 t	238,976	182.42 t	3,192,411
	TP	13.66 t	764,723	182.42 t	10,215,715
WC		3,449,081.21 t	88,882,822	3,977,358.39 t	102,496,525
TOTAL		-	400,400,976	-	675,816,894

Note: Rounding results in a change in the number after the decimal point, and there is an error in the sum of the data in the table.

below. The current ERV of the plot is about 400 million yuan per year, with FR (171 million yuan per year, 42.59%), CR (93 million yuan per year, 23.35%), and WC (89 million yuan per year, 22.20%) accounting for the highest proportion. The post-planning expected ERV would be about 676 million yuan per year, with FR (376 million yuan per year, 55.59%), CR (136 million yuan per year, 20.16%), and WC (102 million yuan per year, 15.17%) accounting for the highest proportion. The post-planning ERV would increase by about 69%, indicating that the planning scheme can significantly improve the quality of ecosystem services in the region.

3.4. Prediction of Influence of ERV in the CRZ

The CRZ covers an area of 79 km². Coal mining used to be the primary industry in this plot, which polluted the soil to a certain extent. Furthermore, large-scale mining activities caused severe geological disasters, such as water and soil erosion and landslides. After the ecological restoration mentioned in the planning scheme, the soil organic matter content will be significantly increased, which is helpful for vegetation regrowth and forest coverage, and thus improves the ecological landscape pattern of the plot. According to the statistics, the ERV of the CRZ is shown in

Table 5. Comparison before and after the construction of ERV in the CRZ.

Index		Current Functional Quantity	Current Value (yuan)	Planned Functional Quantity	Planning Value (yuan)
SF		44,173.06 t	1,268,200	98,767.01 t	2,835,601
CS		29,904.75 t	1,943,800	32,953.75 t	2,141,994
SR		434,319.57 m3	9,355,200	502,432.68 m3	10,822,399
PR	TN	8813.63 t	154,238,500	10,195.85 t	178,427,298
	TP	2572.63 t	144,067,100	2976.08 t	166,660,741
FR		12,897,765.70 t	332,375,400	24,674,455.68 t	635,860,722
AP	SO2	304.86 t	3,850,900	331.83 t	4,191,621
	NOX	190.33 t	2,404,300	206.54 t	2,608,991
	DUST	889.57 t	2,668,700	974.66 t	2,923,989
CR		636,535,448.60 kwh	311,902,400	705,271,928.65 kwh	345,583,245
WP	COD	111.15 t	1,556,100	121.31 t	1,698,341
	TN	8.62 t	150,800	9.40 t	164,559
	TP	8.62 t	482,500	9.40 t	526,588
WC		17,321,552.11 t	446,376,400	18,683,329.73 t	481,469,407
TOTAL		-	1,412,640,400	-	1,835,915,501

Note: Rounding results in a change in the number after the decimal point, and there is an error in the sum of the data in the table.

below. The current ERV of the plot is about 1.413 billion yuan per year, with WC (446 million yuan per year, 31.60%), FR (332 million yuan per year, 23.53%), and CR (312 million yuan per year, 22.08%) accounting for the highest proportion. The expected post-planning ERV would be about 1.836 billion yuan per year, with FR (636 million yuan per year, 34.63%), WC (481 million yuan per year, 26.23%), and CR (346 million yuan per year, 18.82%) accounting for the highest proportion. The post-planning ERV would increase by about 30%, indicating that the planning can significantly improve the quality of ecosystem services in the region.

3.5. Summary

The ideal expectation of the CRZ refers to the existing optimal ecological status of the area with similar latitude, elevation, and slope within Beijing. The ideal expectation of the LCZ refers to the landscape environment and its ecological status level around the existing theme parks with typical railway elements within Beijing. The expected status of the TDZ refers to the ecological status level of the existing projects within Beijing that are the same as the 17 types of typical business forms in the urban construction area of the “One Line Four Mines” project.

As shown in

Table 6. Comparison before and after the construction of ERV in the various regions.

Index	Current Value (yuan)	Ideal Planning Value (yuan)
TDZ	19,260,712	17,603,034 (−9%)
LCZ	400,400,976	675,816,894 (+69%)
CRZ	1,412,640,400	1,835,915,501 (+30%)
TOTAL	1,832,302,088	2,529,335,429 (+38%)

Note: The current situation means the state of the project before construction, the ideal expectation means the state where the project is completed according to the reference scenario.

and Figure 5, under the ideal development of each zone, the ERV of the TDZ will be by −9% (decrease by 1.66 million yuan), the LCZ by +69% (increase by 275.42 million yuan), and the CRZ is expected to be by +30% (increase by 423.28 million yuan). The current ERV of the “One Line Four Mines” project is about 1.832 billion yuan per year, and the total ERV under the ideal expectation is about 2.529 billion yuan per year. Since the loss of ecological regulation services caused by the construction of the TDZ can be made up for with the CRZ and LCZ, there is no need to consider the study on the balance of occupation and compensation other than land use in other different places.

4. Discussion

4.1. Reasons for the Impact of the Project on the Regulation Services

The construction activities in the TDZ have a certain negative impact on the ecosystem regulation services [27]. In the zone with relatively backward urban residential areas, the rest is covered by natural vegetation, apart from land for production and living area. In the planning scheme, the realization of friendly construction for human settlements and the development of the tourism industry relies on various construction measures adopted to improve infrastructure, including the construction of large buildings such as hotels, offices, and exhibitions, which would inevitably cause the loss of vegetation [28,29]. For example, in the Yexi Station area, based on the original cement factory (covering an area of about 2 hectares), the building functions would be expanded to create a low-carbon technology model room exhibition hall (covering an area of about 3.3 hectares as planned), occupying about 1 hectare of the surrounding vegetation. For another example, the current residential land in the Luopoling area has a low green land rate (about 17% of the green land rate). Still, the dense houses cover an area of 1 hectare, and the vegetation is mainly concentrated in the natural space outside the residents’ activity area. After the planning, the villagers’ houses would be transformed into buildings for wellness use, such as homestay inns (about 30% of the green land rate), which inevitably requires the expansion of the building scale. Moreover, the quality of artificial vegetation is much lower than that of long-grown native vegetation [30,31], which is also the reason for the decline in the ERV of the TDZ.

The LCZ and the CRZ can significantly improve ecosystem regulation services. For the former, where the current waterfront space and railway ruins are not fully utilized, with low greening rate, waterfront parks along the Yongding River would be built for the increase in the green area and the improvement of the vegetation quality of the park with existing average quality, after the park construction planning and the overall planning for waterfront scenery. In the western part, hidden dangers such as partial landslides and unstable slopes that may occur in the Wangping coal mine area, Datai coal mine area, and the Muchengjian factory to the road would be handled by carrying out engineering treatment and mountain greening, and building a characteristic theme park based on the coal mine culture [32,33,34]. For example, the current status of high-quality vegetation in Junzhuang Waterfront Leisure Park only accounts for 20% of the park, with the regulation services value of only 15.75 yuan per square meter. To improve the quality of the park vegetation, if it is planned to be built according to the scenario of Miyun Xincheng Riverside Forest Park, the regulation services value will rise to 38.72 yuan per square meter. For the latter, dominated by coal mining, where large-scale mining activities cause severe geological disasters such as water and soil erosion and landslides, ecological restoration for coal gangue mountains is planned through stable vegetation, plant introduction, and natural succession to increase the content of soil organic matter to help vegetation re-grow and improve forest coverage rate, which will significantly improve the regulation services of the local areas [35,36].

4.2. Recommendations to Achieve Expected Regulation Services Improvements

According to the accounting results, to achieve the ideal expectation of a 38% increase in ecosystem regulation services of the “One Line and Four Mines” project, the following construction goals should be achieved: With the 9% down of the lower limit for the ecosystem regulation services of the TDZ, natural space should be occupied as little as possible, and measures should be taken to improve the vegetation quality of the planning artificial vegetation. Take the commercial street construction in the Liuliqu area as an example, where there are dense buildings and concentrated green space, with a green land rate of about 21.62%, while the green land rate in the planning diagram is only about 14.48%. The green land rate of Shilihe Tianjiao Cultural City, a typical commercial street scenario selected by this study, is 20.5%. According to this reference scenario, the forecast regulation services will decrease by about 19%. To minimize the chance of a reduction in the design point regulation services, it is necessary to strictly control the planning green space rate by not less than 20% and keep preventing the existing core green space in the commercial street from large-scale destruction and reconstruction [37,38,39,40].

In the LCZ and the CRZ, the NDVI of the areas with an average quality of current vegetation is 0.52, the NDVI of patches with the best quality of vegetation is 0.85, and the NDVI of the selected reference scenarios (Shuanglongxia Natural Scenic Area, Jingmen Railway Relics Park, and Miyun Xincheng Riverside Forest Park) is 0.88, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively, which means that it is necessary to achieve the vegetation quality equalization through protection engineering so that the vegetation area with poor quality under the current situation can be matched with the nearby area with the best vegetation to achieve the expected goal.

4.3. Research Limitations and Prospects

In this paper, the prediction model for the impact of ERV highly depends on the CLUFS. Therefore, it is required for a city to first carry out the relevant accounting work with high resolution to provide the basis for the building of the CLUFS. Given the problems that may occur, such as the difficulty in screening the matched alternative scenarios when the prediction and analysis of some construction projects are conducted, and the results of accounting under different climatic conditions that will not be entirely consistent, the CLUFS should be further improved and enriched.

In addition, the planning project would sustainably impact the surrounding eco-environment during the construction. Still, this paper only compared the instantaneous scenarios before and after the construction without considering the impact during the process. Therefore, the damage coefficient can be appropriately increased to estimate the total damage to the ecological value during the whole process of the project construction when the research on the balance of occupation and compensation with this method is conducted. This article did not conduct a multi scenario simulation comparison of the expected results, mainly because the research focus of this article is on how to quickly predict the ecological impact of construction projects. Therefore, only one typical reference scenario that best fits the planning plan was selected for each region for research, which is precisely an innovation of this article.

Although the method used in this paper still has some limitations, it is also a key method in carrying out rapid ecological impact assessment against the project scale. In addition, with the realization of the ecological products value and the increasing attention paid to the GEP accounting system by the government, more and more cities incorporated GEP into the assessment, such as Beijing and Shenzhen. To ensure that the GEP at the city level does not decline, it is necessary to carry out the regulatory intervention in the construction project and analyze the possible ERV/GEP impact at the planning stage and the occupation and compensation balance scheme.

5. Conclusions

By building CLUFS-Beijing, this paper studied the prediction of the impact of the ecological services value of construction projects from the perspective of ecosystem regulation services value. It was found that the conservation and restoration zone and landscape construction zone in the “One Line Four Mines” project in Mentougou District, Beijing, can improve the vegetation regrowth ability and the forest coverage rate to boost the ecological landscape pattern of the plot through forest conservation, water system management, landscape remodeling, and other restoration measures. Respectively, the regulation services value would increase by 30% (an increase of 423 million per year) and 69% (an increase of 276 million per year) in the two zones. The construction activities in the tourism development zone will lead to a slight decline in ecological regulation services (about 1.6577 million yuan per year, down 8.61%). However, the “One Line Four Mines” project achieved a balance of ecological value and surplus overall. This shows that the “One Line Four Mines” project, while transforming the region into a cultural tourism town and improving the local economic conditions, also realizes the quality and protection of the ecosystem, thus achieving the “win-win” of economy and ecology.

This study expanded the application of ecosystem services value in urban planning. It helped the ecological value run through the whole process of project construction, providing a reference for urban development at different scales and stages. Secondly, it improved the balance model of occupation and compensation to evaluate the benefits of ecological protection and restoration to prove the ecological protection effectiveness in the planning scheme. In addition, in the process of land planning, the development types of land plots with low ecological services value can be adjusted to ensure the ecological benefits of land construction and the needs of urban development, providing an effective reference for urban construction.

Finally, since the ecological services value GEP, for example, is a comprehensive indicator, it is suggested that the impact of the ecological services value can be considered in the project decision-making process. On the one hand, it is recommended to carry out ecological services impact assessment for major development and ecological restoration projects to timely estimate the change in ecological services to maintain the stability of ecosystem services. On the other hand, setting ecological benefits targets for different projects will help improve project planning schemes and improve the urban ecological regulations service supply. Incorporating the ecological benefits of project construction into the evaluation system of planning schemes can provide a new method for evaluating the ecological protection effectiveness of the project and a new idea for the ecological protection system in planning schemes.