Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Informal Settlements as the Semi-Urbanizing Gradient in the Incomplete Urbanization
1.2. The Role of Informal Settlements in Promoting Rural-Urban Migration
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Basis: Re-Examining the New Economics of Labor Migration in the Incomplete Urbanization
2.2. China’s Urban Villages as a Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient
2.2.1. Community Principle of Land Distribution for Welfare in the Rural System
2.2.2. Rent Dissipation in China’s Informal Settlements as Frugal Use of Rural Land in Destinations
2.3. Logistic Regression Analysis
2.3.1. Methods: Binary Logistic Regression
2.3.2. Study Area, Data, and Variables
2.3.3. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. “Land as Insurance” and Security as Land-Use Criteria against Risks of Economic Fluctuation
3.2. Informal Housing as the Community Property in a Mobile Society, beyond the Binary Definition of Secure vs. Insecure
3.3. Informal Settlements Upgrading in the Chinese Metropolises, but Still in a Top-Down Dominated Approach
4. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tenure in Rural Origins | Tenure Choices in Urban Destinations (Secure or Insecure?) | Total% | |
---|---|---|---|
Urban Private Market% | Urban Villages% | ||
(I) Holding both farmland and homestead | 45.8 | 51.9 | 47.5 |
(II) Farmland only | 7.5 | 6.1 | 7.1 |
(III) Homestead only | 22.8 | 26.0 | 23.7 |
(IV) Land loss | 23.9 | 16.1 | 21.7 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Tenure Insecurity in Destination (Ref = Formal Private Market) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Β | SE | Exp(β) |
Household profile | |||
Age | −0.011 *** | 0.001 | 0.989 |
Gender (ref = female) | 0.028 | 0.018 | 1.029 |
Marriage (ref = unmarried) | −0.082 *** | 0.030 | 0.921 |
Education level (ref = college and higher) | |||
Primary and below | 0.942 *** | 0.041 | 2.566 |
Junior secondary | 0.809 *** | 0.036 | 2.245 |
Senior/technical secondary | 0.447 *** | 0.037 | 1.564 |
Logged familial income (annual) | −1.195 *** | 0.042 | 0.303 |
Employment in the urban destination | |||
Occupation (ref = blue collar) | |||
Cadre, manager or head | −0.439 ** | 0.209 | 0.644 |
Technician/professional | −0.298 *** | 0.041 | 0.742 |
Staff/clerk | −0.353 *** | 0.107 | 0.702 |
Service worker | −0.460 *** | 0.027 | 0.631 |
Agricultural worker | −0.080 | 0.098 | 0.923 |
Other | −0.286 *** | 0.042 | 0.752 |
Industry (ref = labour-intensive manufacturing) | |||
Primary industry | −0.017 | 0.079 | 0.983 |
Non-manufacturing in secondary industry | −0.083 ** | 0.038 | 0.920 |
Capital-intensive manufacturing | 0.057 | 0.052 | 1.058 |
Skill-intensive manufacturing | −0.124 *** | 0.046 | 0.883 |
Other types of manufacturing | 0.343 *** | 0.040 | 1.409 |
Producer services | −0.334 *** | 0.038 | 0.716 |
Public services | −0.218 *** | 0.051 | 0.804 |
Consumer services | −0.294 *** | 0.029 | 0.745 |
Employer type (ref = privately owned/joint stock) | |||
State-owned | −0.299 *** | 0.048 | 0.741 |
Collective-owned | 0.081 | 0.087 | 1.085 |
Foreign-invested/joint venture | −0.280 *** | 0.049 | 0.756 |
Family or individually owned | −0.142 *** | 0.028 | 0.868 |
Non-profit organization | −0.069 | 0.187 | 0.933 |
Other | 0.285 *** | 0.033 | 1.329 |
Employment status (ref = stable employees) | |||
Temporary employees (no contract) | −0.057 * | 0.034 | 0.945 |
Employer | −0.156 *** | 0.045 | 0.855 |
Self-running | 0.117 *** | 0.028 | 1.124 |
Other | −0.031 | 0.065 | 0.970 |
Migration status | |||
Household size in the urban destination | 0.015 * | 0.009 | 1.015 |
Inter- or intra-provincial migration (ref = intra-provincial) | 0.401 *** | 0.019 | 1.493 |
Place of origin (ref = East China) | |||
North-eastern region | 0.439 *** | 0.054 | 1.551 |
North-western region | 0.517 *** | 0.042 | 1.676 |
North China | 0.160 *** | 0.039 | 1.174 |
Central China | 0.388 *** | 0.029 | 1.474 |
South China | 0.955 *** | 0.047 | 2.598 |
South-western region | 0.620 *** | 0.031 | 1.859 |
Destination (ref = East China) | |||
North-eastern region | −0.982 *** | 0.056 | 0.375 |
North-western region | −1.158 *** | 0.038 | 0.314 |
North China | 0.101 *** | 0.033 | 1.106 |
Central China | −1.216 *** | 0.042 | 0.296 |
South China | −0.692 *** | 0.038 | 0.501 |
South-western region | −1.463 *** | 0.037 | 0.231 |
Second generation of rural migrants (ref = no) | −0.016 | 0.022 | 0.984 |
Housing pressure in the urban destination | |||
Housing expense-to-income ratio | −3.424 *** | 0.083 | 0.033 |
Landed status in the hometown (ref = land loss) | |||
Holding both farmland and homestead | 0.412 *** | 0.024 | 1.510 |
Homestead only | 0.415 *** | 0.026 | 1.514 |
Farmland only | 0.108 *** | 0.039 | 1.115 |
Constant | 3.846 *** | 0.170 | |
N | 87,821 | ||
df | 50 | ||
λ2 | 15,520.703 *** | ||
−2 Log Likelihood | 88,190.919 | ||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.234 | ||
Percent correctly classified | 76.2 |
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Liu, R. Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration. Land 2022, 11, 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020282
Liu R. Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration. Land. 2022; 11(2):282. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020282
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ran. 2022. "Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration" Land 11, no. 2: 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020282
APA StyleLiu, R. (2022). Incomplete Urbanization and the Trans-Local Rural-Urban Gradient in China: From a Perspective of New Economics of Labor Migration. Land, 11(2), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020282