Exploring Multiscale Influence of Urban Growth on Landscape Patterns of Two Emerging Urban Centers in the Western Himalaya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Data Acquisition and Preprocessing
2.3. Image Classification and Accuracy Assessment
2.4. Intensity and Stationarity Analysis in LULC Transitions
2.5. Landscape Metrics for Measuring Landscape Structural Dynamics
3. Results
3.1. LULC Classification
3.1.1. Spatial Distribution of LULC Types and Significant changes
3.1.2. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Expansion
3.2. Intensity Analysis
3.2.1. Interval Level
3.2.2. Categorical Level
3.2.3. Transitional Level
3.3. Temporal Landscape Metrics
3.3.1. Variation in Landscape-Level Landscape Patterns
3.3.2. Variation in Class-Level Landscape Patterns
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatiotemporal Changes in LULC Types and Landscape Pattern
4.2. Framework for Sustainable Landscape Development in Himalaya
4.2.1. Assessment
4.2.2. Intervention
4.3. Limitations and Future Outlooks
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structural Category | Landscape Metrics | Description |
---|---|---|
Aggregation | Patch density (PD) | Level: C/L Number of patches per unit area of a landscape |
Aggregation index (AI) | Level: C/L Ratio of observed number of like adjacencies to the maximum possible number of adjacencies in a landscape | |
Landscape shape index (LSI) | Level: C/L Perimeter–area ratio of the form measuring the shape complexity of a landscape or a specific patch type | |
Shape | Mean shape index (SHP-MN) | Level: C/L Mean value of the patch shape index |
Area and edge | Largest patch index (LPI) | Level: C/L Area of the largest patch divided by total area of a landscape |
Diversity | Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) | Level: L Proportion of abundance of a landscape |
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Sharma, S.; Joshi, P.K.; Fürst, C. Exploring Multiscale Influence of Urban Growth on Landscape Patterns of Two Emerging Urban Centers in the Western Himalaya. Land 2022, 11, 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122281
Sharma S, Joshi PK, Fürst C. Exploring Multiscale Influence of Urban Growth on Landscape Patterns of Two Emerging Urban Centers in the Western Himalaya. Land. 2022; 11(12):2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122281
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Sonali, Pawan Kumar Joshi, and Christine Fürst. 2022. "Exploring Multiscale Influence of Urban Growth on Landscape Patterns of Two Emerging Urban Centers in the Western Himalaya" Land 11, no. 12: 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122281
APA StyleSharma, S., Joshi, P. K., & Fürst, C. (2022). Exploring Multiscale Influence of Urban Growth on Landscape Patterns of Two Emerging Urban Centers in the Western Himalaya. Land, 11(12), 2281. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122281