Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation: A Case Study of Ningbo, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation and Literature Review
1.2. Objective and Contribution
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Framework
2.3. PLES classification
2.4. Construction of PLES Suitability Evaluation Model on Grid Scale
2.5. Coupling and Coordination Model
2.6. Sustainable Development Evaluation on Administration-Cell Scale
2.7. PLES Conflict Identification Based on Multiscale Integration Model
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Spatial–Temporal PLES Characteristics in Ningbo
3.2. Coupling and Coordination for PLES Suitability Analysis in Ningbo
3.3. Sustainable Development Evaluation of PLES on Administration-Cell Scale in Ningbo
3.4. PLES Conflict Identification in Ningbo
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PLES Classification | Land-Use/-Cover Classification System for Remote-Sensing Monitoring in China [22] | |
---|---|---|
PS | Agricultural-production space | Paddy fields, dry land |
Industrial-production space | Industry and mining, land use for transport construction | |
LS | Urban-living space | Urban land |
Rural-living space | Rural residential land | |
ES | Forestland ecological space | Woodland, shrub land, open forest land, other woodland |
Grassland ecological space | Grassland with high, medium, and low coverage | |
Water ecological space | Canals, lakes, reservoir pit ponds, permanent glaciers and snowfields, tidal flats, bottomland | |
Other ecological space | Sandy land, Gobi, saline alkali land, swamp land, bare land, bare rock land, and other unused land |
Items | Index | Factor Classification and Score [14,23,24,25,26,27] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | 80 | 60 | 40 | ||
Production suitability | Average annual temperature | ≥21 | >18–21 | >15–18 | ≤15 |
Annual precipitation | ≥1800 | >1700–1800 | >1600–1700 | ≤1600 | |
Altitude | <150 m | >150–300 m | >300–500 m | >500 m | |
Land use type | Dry land, paddy field, other construction land | Rural land, urban land | Grassland with high coverage | Others | |
Gradient | <3° | 3°–8° | 8°–15° | 15°–25° | |
Distance from road (m) | 500 m | 1500 m | 3000 m | 5000 m | |
Living suitability | Average annual temperature | ≥21 | >18–21 | >15–18 | ≤15 |
Annual precipitation | ≥1800 | >1700–1800 | >1600–1700 | ≤1600 | |
Topographic position index | ≤0.54 | 0.54–0.62 | 0.62–0.72 | ≥0.72 | |
Distance from town center | 500 m | 1500 m | 3000 m | 5000 m | |
Distance from school and hospital | 500 m | 1500 m | 3000 m | 5000 m | |
Land use type | Rural land, urban land | Other construction land | N/A | Others | |
Ecological suitability | Land use type | Open forest land, grassland with high coverage, swamp land | shrub land, canals, lakes | Dry land, paddy fields, woodland, shrub land, other woodlands, grassland with medium and low coverage, reservoir pit ponds | Rural land, urban land, other construction land, and others |
Landscape fragmentation | Better regularity | Good regularity | General regularity | Bad regularity | |
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | ≥0.5 | >0.25–0.5 | >0.15–0.25 | ≤0.15 | |
Distance from water body | 5000 m | 3000 m | 1500 m | 500 m |
Items | SDGs | First-Level Indices | Second-Level Indices |
---|---|---|---|
Production space (intensive and efficient) | SDGs 2 and 12 | Scale of production space | Scale of agricultural land [31] |
Scale of industrial land [31] | |||
Structure of production space | Advancement of industrial structure [32] | ||
Efficiency of production space | Grain output rate [33] | ||
Land output rate [34] | |||
Industrial efficiency [34] | |||
Living space (livable life) | SDGs 1 and 11 | Scale of living space | Size of residential space [31] |
Quality of living | Green-space coverage ratio [33] | ||
Engel’s coefficient of urban residents [33] | |||
Convenience of living | Transportation convenient [35] | ||
Traffic accessibility [36] | |||
Ecological space (beautiful ecology) | SDGs 3, 6, 13, and 15 | Scale of ecological space | Scale of ecological land [31] |
NDVI [37] | |||
Quality of ecological space | Air quality [38] | ||
Sewage treatment rate [32] | |||
Health level of residents [39] |
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Lin, G.; Fu, J.; Jiang, D. Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation: A Case Study of Ningbo, China. Land 2021, 10, 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040383
Lin G, Fu J, Jiang D. Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation: A Case Study of Ningbo, China. Land. 2021; 10(4):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040383
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Gang, Jingying Fu, and Dong Jiang. 2021. "Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation: A Case Study of Ningbo, China" Land 10, no. 4: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040383
APA StyleLin, G., Fu, J., & Jiang, D. (2021). Production–Living–Ecological Conflict Identification Using a Multiscale Integration Model Based on Spatial Suitability Analysis and Sustainable Development Evaluation: A Case Study of Ningbo, China. Land, 10(4), 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040383