Impacts of Soil Properties, Topography, and Environmental Features on Soil Water Holding Capacities (SWHCs) and Their Interrelationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Forest Stand and Soil Properties
2.3. Environmental Covariates
2.4. Random Forest Model
2.5. Variable Importance Measurements
2.6. Linear Relationship
2.7. Developed Models
2.8. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variable Importance for Predicting SWHCs
3.2. Correlation between Highly Effective Variables and SWHCs
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis for Identifying Non-Linear Relationship
4. Discussion
4.1. Influential Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on SWHCs Prediction
4.2. Interrelationship between Topography, Soil Properties, and Vegetation
4.3. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forest Stand and Soil Physical and Chemical Properties | Abb. | Unit | At 10 cm Soil Depth (n = 953) | At 30 cm Soil Depth (n = 971) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated SWC | % | 7.9 | 7.5 | |
SWC at pF1.8 | % | 6.8 | 7.2 | |
SWC at pF2.7 | % | 5.8 | 6.5 | |
Bulk density | g cm−3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Organic matter | OM | % | 1.88 | 1.52 |
Hydraulic conductivity | cm s−1 | 0.013 | 0.010 | |
Sand fraction | Sand | % | 16.3 | 17.2 |
Silt fraction | Silt | % | 15.7 | 16.7 |
Clay fraction | Clay | % | 10.3 | 11.8 |
Dominant tree height | DTH | m | 3.5 | 3.4 |
Dominant tree DBH | DTD | cm | 10.2 | 9.9 |
Average DBH | AD | cm | 7.5 | 7.4 |
Tree density | TD | trees ha−1 | 285 | 283 |
Model ID | Explanatory Variables | Soil Sample Layer | Matric Suction of Response Variable |
---|---|---|---|
PTF-10-pF0 | Forest stand and soil physical and chemical properties | 10 cm depth | pF0 (saturated) |
PTF-10-pF1.8 | pF1.8 | ||
PTF-10-pF2.7 | pF2.7 | ||
PTF-30-pF0 | 30 cm depth | pF0 (saturated) | |
PTF-30-pF1.8 | pF1.8 | ||
PTF-30-pF2.7 | pF2.7 | ||
DSM-10-pF0 | Environmental covariates | 10 cm depth | pF0 (saturated) |
DSM-10-pF1.8 | pF1.8 | ||
DSM-10-pF2.7 | pF2.7 | ||
DSM-30-pF0 | 30 cm depth | pF0 (saturated) | |
DSM-30-pF1.8 | pF1.8 | ||
DSM-30-pF2.7 | pF2.7 |
Model ID | First Important Variable | Second Important Variable | Third Important Variable | Fourth Important Variable |
---|---|---|---|---|
PTF-10-pF0 | OM | Sand | ||
PTF-10-pF1.8 | Sand | OM | DTH | |
PTF-10-pF2.7 | Sand | OM | Clay | |
PTF-30-pF0 | OM | Sand | Clay | |
PTF-30-pF1.8 | Sand | OM | DTH | |
PTF-30-pF2.7 | Sand | OM | Clay | |
DSM-10-pF0 | Elevation | Aspect | STC | TSD |
DSM-10-pF1.8 | STC | Elevation | TPI | Bedrock |
DSM-10-pF2.7 | STC | Elevation | TPI | Aspect |
DSM-30-pF0 | Elevation | STC | Aspect | TPI |
DSM-30-pF1.8 | STC | Elevation | TPI | Bedrock |
DSM-30-pF2.7 | STC | Elevation | Bedrock | TPI |
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Yang, H.; Yoo, H.; Lim, H.; Kim, J.; Choi, H.T. Impacts of Soil Properties, Topography, and Environmental Features on Soil Water Holding Capacities (SWHCs) and Their Interrelationships. Land 2021, 10, 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121290
Yang H, Yoo H, Lim H, Kim J, Choi HT. Impacts of Soil Properties, Topography, and Environmental Features on Soil Water Holding Capacities (SWHCs) and Their Interrelationships. Land. 2021; 10(12):1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121290
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hyunje, Hyeonju Yoo, Honggeun Lim, Jaehoon Kim, and Hyung Tae Choi. 2021. "Impacts of Soil Properties, Topography, and Environmental Features on Soil Water Holding Capacities (SWHCs) and Their Interrelationships" Land 10, no. 12: 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121290