Comprehensive Food System Planning for Urban Food Security in Nanjing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Urbanization and Food Security in China
3. The Development of Comprehensive Food System Planning in Nanjing
3.1. Incremental Implementation
3.2. Ensuring Food Availability
3.3. Enhancing Food Accessibility
3.4. Integrating Food Utilization
3.5. Addressing Multi-Level Food Stability Issues
3.6. Other Food System Issues
4. Food Security Outcomes in Nanjing, China
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Morgan, K. Feeding the City: The Challenge of Urban Food Planning. Int. Plan. Stud. 2009, 14, 341–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, K. The Rise of Urban Food Planning. Int. Plan. Stud. 2013, 18, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonnino, R. Feeding the City: Towards a New Research and Planning Agenda. Int. Plan. Stud. 2009, 14, 425–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pothukuchi, K.; Kaufman, J. Placing the Food System on the Urban Agenda: The Role of Municipal Institutions in Food Systems Planning. Agric. Hum. Values 1999, 16, 213–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deakin, M.; Borrelli, N.; Diamantini, D. (Eds.) The Governance of City Food Systems: Case Studies from Around the World; Fondazione Feltrinelli: Milan, Italy, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- De Amorim, W.; Deggau, A.; Goncalves, G.; Neiva, S.; Prasath, A.; de Andrade Guerra, J. Urban Challenges and Opportunities to Promote Sustainable Food Security Through Smart Cities and the 4th Industrial Revolution. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maye, D. ‘Smart Food City’: Conceptual Relations between Smart City Planning, Urban Food Systems and Innovation Theory. City Cult. Soc. 2019, 16, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendes, W.; Sonnino, R. Urban Food Governance in the Global North. In The SAGE Handbook of Nature; Sage: London, UK, 2018; pp. 543–560. [Google Scholar]
- Sonnino, R. The New Geography of Food Security: Exploring the Potential of Urban Food Strategies. Geogr. J. 2016, 182, 190–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haysom, G. Perspectives on Urban Food System Governance in the Global South. In Handbook of Urban Food Security in the Global South; Crush, J., Frayne, B., Haysom, G., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2020; pp. 363–379. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, V. Locating Planning in the New Urban Agenda of the Urban Sustainable Development Goals. Plan. Theory 2018, 15, 435–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MUFPP. Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. 2015. Available online: https://www.milanurbanfoodpolicypact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Milan-Urban-Food-Policy-Pact-EN.pdf (accessed on 10 July 2021).
- Blay-Palmer, A.; Santini, G.; Dubbeling, M.; Renting, H.; Taguchi, M.; Giordano, T. Validating the City Region Food System Approach: Enacting Inclusive, Transformational City Region Food Systems. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Battersby, J. MDGs to SDGs—New Goals, Same Gaps: The Continued Absence of Urban Food Security in the Post-2015 Global Development Agenda. Afr. Geogr. Rev. 2017, 36, 115–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battersby, J.; Watson, V. The Planned ‘City Region’ in the New Urban Agenda: An Appropriate Framing for Urban Food Security? In Handbook on Urban Food Security in the Global South; Crush, J., Frayne, B., Haysom, G., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2020; pp. 341–362. [Google Scholar]
- Crush, J.; Frayne, B. Urban Food Insecurity and the New International Food Security Agenda. Dev. S. Afr. 2011, 28, 527–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crush, J.; Riley, L. Rural Bias and Urban Food Security. In Urban Food Systems Governance and Poverty in African Cities; Battersby, J., Watson, V., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 42–55. [Google Scholar]
- Binns, T.; Lynch, K. Feeding Africa’s Growing Cities Into the 21st Century: The Potential of Urban Agriculture. J. Int. Dev. 1998, 10, 777–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Redwood, M. (Ed.) Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security; Routledge: London, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Zezza, A.; Tasciotti, L. Urban Agriculture, Poverty, and Food Security: Empirical Evidence from a Sample of Developing Countries. Food Pol. 2010, 35, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haysom, G.; Tawodzera, G. ‘Measurement Drives Diagnosis and Response’: Gaps in Transferring Food Security Assessment to the Urban Scale. Food Policy 2018, 74, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haysom, G. Food and the City: Urban Scale Food System Governance. Urban Forum 2015, 26, 263–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crush, J.; Frayne, B.; Haysom, G. (Eds.) Handbook on Urban Food Security in the Global South; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Qi, X.; Dang, H. Addressing the Dual Challenges of Food Security and Environmental Sustainability During Rural Livelihood Transitions in China. Land Use Pol. 2018, 77, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, Y. Spatial Shifts in Grain Production Increases in China and Implications for Food Security. Land Use Pol. 2018, 74, 204–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN. Sustainable Development Goals; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- UN. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- FAO. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- FAO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- FAO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Du, J.; King, C. Unravelling China’s Food Security Puzzle, 1979–2008. China Q. 2018, 235, 804–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghose, B. Food Security and Food Self-Sufficiency in China: From Past to 2050. Food Ener. Secur. 2014, 3, 86–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, S. State Capitalism and Chinese Food Security Governance. Jpn. J. Pol. Sci. 2017, 18, 106–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, H. Securing the ‘Rice Bowl’: China and Global Food Security; Palgrave Macmillan: London, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Yang, G. Understanding Recent Challenges and New Food Policy in China. Glob. Food Secur. 2017, 12, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, G.; Miao, B. Food Security for China’s Cities. Int. Plan. Stud. 2013, 18, 5–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J. Rapid Urbanization in China: A Real Challenge to Soil Protection and Food Security. Catena 2007, 69, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, H.; Ge, D.; Zhang, Y.; Tu, S.; Qu, Y.; Ma, L. Changing Man-Land Interrelations in China’s Farming Area Under Urbanization and its Implications for Food Security. J. Environ. Manag. 2018, 209, 440–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ge, D.; Long, H.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, L.; Li, T. Farmland Transition and Its Influences on Grain Production in China. Land Use Policy 2018, 70, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Long, H.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, Y. Farmland Transition in China and its Policy Implications. Land Use Policy 2020, 92, 104470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheng, Y.; Song, L. Agricultural Production and Food Consumption in China: A Long-Term Projection. China Econ. Rev. 2019, 53, 15–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendall, H.; Kuznesof, S.; Dean, M.; Chan, M.; Clark, B.; Home, R.; Zhong, Q.; Lui, C.; Brereton, P.; Frewer, L. Chinese Consumers’ Attitudes, Perceptions and Behavioural Responses Towards Food Fraud. Food Control 2019, 95, 339–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, H.; Remais, J.; Fung, M.; Xu, L.; Sun, S. Food Supply and Food Safety Issues in China. Lancet 2013, 381, 2044–2053. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Si, Z. Rebuilding Consumer Trust in Food: Community Supported Agriculture in China. In Sustainable Food Futures: Multidisciplinary Solutions; Duncan, J., Bailey, M., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 34–45. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, X.; Yang, D.; Chen, L. The Politics of Quality-of-Life Issues: Food Safety and Political Trust in China. J. Contemp. China 2017, 26, 601–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crush, J. Approaching Food Security in Cities of the Global South. In Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South; Parnell, S., Oldfield, S., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2014; pp. 543–555. [Google Scholar]
- Crush, J.; Battersby, J. (Eds.) Rapid Urbanisation, Urban Food Deserts and Food Security in Africa; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Tacoli, C. Food (In) Security in Rapidly Urbanizing, Low-Income Contexts. In Handbook of Urban Food Security in the Global South; Crush, J., Frayne, B., Haysom, G., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2020; pp. 23–34. [Google Scholar]
- Ruel, M.; Leroy, J.; Ecker, O.; Hernandez, M.; Resnick, D.; Thurlow, D. Urban Food Systems and Diets, Nutrition and Health of the Poor: Challenges, Opportunities, and Research Gaps. In Handbook of Urban Food Security in the Global South; Crush, J., Frayne, B., Haysom, G., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2020; pp. 380–396. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, C.; Sustainability Insights: Shanghai’s Food Waste Management. Collect. Responsib. 2018. Available online: https://www.coresponsibility.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Shanghai-China-Food-Waste-Management-Report.pdf (accessed on 6 August 2021).
- Pothukuchi, K.; Kaufman, J. The Food System: A Stranger to the Planning World. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2000, 66, 113–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, K. Nourishing the City: The Rise of the Urban Food Question in the Global North. Urban Stud. 2015, 52, 1379–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battersby, J.; Watson, V. (Eds.) Urban Food Systems Governance and Poverty in African Cities; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Agriculture. Rules for Implementation of the Measures for Evaluating the Performance of City Mayors Responsible for Non-Grain Food Supply. 2017. Available online: http://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2017/dsanq/201712/t20171228_6133439.htm (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- Command Office of the Vegetable Basket Project in Nanjing. The Vegetable Basket Project in Nanjing; Internal Government Document Collection: Nanjing, China, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Nanjing Government. The Vegetable Basket Project Planning for Nanjing (2008–2012). Nanjing People’s Gov. Bull. 2009, 1, 6–20. [Google Scholar]
- Nanjing Government. The Notification of Key Tasks for the Vegetable Basket Project in Nanjing in 2017. 2017. Available online: http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/zdgk/201810/t20181022_573608.html (accessed on 19 February 2019).
- Nanjing Government. The Notification of Key Tasks for the Vegetable Basket Project in Nanjing in 2018. 2018. Available online: http://www.njdaily.cn/2018/0627/1708139.shtml (accessed on 20 February 2019).
- Rocha, L.; Less, I. Urban Governance for Food Security: The Alternative Food System in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Int. Plan. Stud. 2009, 14, 389–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, T.; Si, Z.; Shi, L.; Ma, L.; Liu, S. Impact of State-Led Food Localization on Suburban Districts’ Farmland Use Transformation: Greenhouse Farming Expansion in Nanjing City Region, China. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2020, 202, 103872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dolley, J.; Marshall, F.; Butcher, B.; Reffin, J.; Robinson, J.A.; Eray, B.; Quadrianto, N. Analysing Trade-offs and Synergies between SDGs for Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty Alleviation in Rapidly Changing Peri-urban Areas: A Tool to Support Inclusive Urban Planning. Sustain. Sci. 2020, 15, 1601–1619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- NMBS. Bulletin of the Main Data of the Third National Agricultural Census in Nanjing; Nanjing Municipal Bureau of Statistics: Nanjing, China, 2018. Available online: http://tjj.nanjing.gov.cn/njstjj/201810/t20181021_527769.html (accessed on 17 December 2019).
- Yuan, Y.; Si, Z.; Zhong, T.; Huang, X.; Crush, J. Revisiting China’s Supermarket Revolution: Complementarity and Co-evolution Between Traditional and Modern fFood Outlets. World Dev. 2021, 147, 105631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Si, Z.; Zhong, T. The State of Household Food Security in Nanjing, China; HCP Report No. 9; Hungry Cities Partnership: Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Zhong, T.; Si, Z.; Crush, J.; Scott, S.; Huang, X. Achieving Urban Food Security through a Hybrid Public-Private Food Provisioning System: The Case of Nanjing, China. Food Secur. 2019, 11, 1071–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Xi, X.; Tang, X.; Luo, D.; Gu, B.; Lam, S.; Vitousek, P.; Chen, D. Policy Distortions, Farm Size, and the Overuse of Agricultural Chemicals in China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, 7010–7015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Si, Z.; Regnier-Davies, J.; Scott, S. Food Safety in Urban China: Perceptions and Coping Strategies of Residents in Nanjing. China Inf. 2018, 32, 377–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Valentine, G.; Venderbeck, M.; McQuaid, K.; Diprose, K. Placing ‘Sustainability’ in Context: Narratives of Sustainable Consumption in Nanjing, China. Soc. Cult. Geogr. 2019, 20, 1307–1324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freese, L.; Han, S. From Farm to Table to Energy: Co-Digesting China’s Urban Food Waste in Wastewater Treatment Plants. 2019. Available online: https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/406715866-From-Farm-to-Table-to-Energy-Co-digesting-China-s-Urban-Food-Waste-in-Wastewater-Treatment-Plants.pdf (accessed on 6 August 2021).
- Li, C.; Huang, Y.; Harder, M. Incentives for Food Waste Diversion: Exploration of a Long Term Successful Chinese City Residential Scheme. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 156, 491–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanjing Government. The Management Strategy of Kitchen Waste in Nanjing. 2015. Available online: http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/zdgk/201605/t20160510_1056908.html (accessed on 6 August 2021).
- Koduganti, J.; Adelina, C.; Mohanraju, J.; Anand, S. The State of Household Food Security in Bangalore, India; HCP Report No. 14; Hungry Cities Partnership: Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Crush, J.; Caesar, M.; Haysom, G. The State of Household Food Security in Cape Town, South Africa; HCP Report No. 12; Hungry Cities Partnership: Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Thomas-Hope, E.; Kinlocke, R.; Timmers, B. The State of Household Food Security in Kingston, Jamaica; HCP Report No. 15; Hungry Cities Partnership: Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Raimundo, I.; McCordic, C.; Chikanda, A. The State of Household Food Security in Maputo, Mozambique; HCP Report No. 10; Wilfrid Laurier University: Waterloo, ON, Canada; University of Cape Town: Cape Town, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Capron, G.; Arellano, S.; Wagner, J.; McCordic, C. The State of Household Food Security in Mexico City, Mexico; HCP Report No. 1; Wilfrid Laurier University: Waterloo, ON, Canada; University of Cape Town: Cape Town, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Owuor, S. The State of Household Food Security in Nairobi, Kenya; HCP Report No. 11; Wilfrid Laurier University: Waterloo, ON, Canada; University of Cape Town: Cape Town, South Africa, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Bilinsky, P.; Swindale, A. Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide; Version 4; FHI 360/FANTA: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Coates, J.; Swindale, A.; Bilinsky, P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide; Version 3; FHI 360/FANTA: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Swindale, A.; Bilinsky, P. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide; Version 2; FHI 360/FANTA: Washington, DC, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, V. Shifting Approaches to Planning Theory: Global North and South. Urban Plan. 2016, 1, 32–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alcamo, J.; Thompson, J.; Alexander, A.; Antoniades, A.; Delabre, I.; Dolley, J.; Matshall, F.; Menton, M.; Middleton, J.; Scharlemann, J. Analysing Interactions Among the Sustainable Development Goals: Findings and Emerging Issues from Local and Global Studies. Sustain. Sci. 2020, 15, 1561–1572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seto, K.; Ramankutty, N. Hidden Linkages between Urbanization and Food Systems. Science 2016, 352, 943–945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haysom, G. Integrating Food Sensitive Planning and Urban Design into Urban Governance Actions. Urban Forum 2021, 32, 289–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battersby, J. Food System Transformation in the Absence of Food System Planning: The Case of Supermarket and Shopping Mall Retail Expansion in Cape Town, South Africa. Built Environ. 2017, 43, 417–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crush, J.; Nickanor, N.; Kazembe, L. Urban Food System Governance and Food Security in Namibia; HCP Discussion Paper No. 49; Hungry Cities Partnership: Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cape Town, South Africa, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, D. Urban Food Systems and the Poor in Developing Countries. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 1998, 23, 207–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y. The Challenges and Strategies of Food Security under Rapid Urbanization in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, F.; Narimatsu, H.; Li, X.; Nakamura, S.; Sho, R.; Zhao, G.; Nakata, Y.; Xu, W. Non-Communicable Disease Control in China and Japan. Glob. Health 2017, 13, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Item | 2008–2012 Plan | 2017 Plan | 2018 Plan |
---|---|---|---|
Production | Strengthening test system at production place of vegetables. Developing 1333 ha of organic vegetables. Promoting the system of Good Agriculture Practice. | Promoting certification of pollution-free produce, green food, organic food, and geographical indication of agricultural products. Promoting ecological breeding. Strengthening the supervision of food quality at the source such as monitoring agricultural input. | The proportion of pollution-free produce, green food, organic food, and geographical indication of agricultural products achieving more than 55%. Subsidizing certification of pollution-free produce, green food, organic food, and geographical indication of agricultural products. Further promoting the system of Good Agriculture Practice. |
Process | Upgrading swine slaughtering factory. Implementing Quality Standard management for meat and poultry. | ||
Transaction | Promoting the use of Integrated Circuit Card transaction system. Registration of food stall in wet markets. Upgrading 40 wet markets. | Breeding local brand of agricultural products. Establish fast-test lab of food safety in 7 food wholesale markets. Establish fast-test mini-lab of food safety in 80 wet markets. Upgrading wet markets. | Further breeding local brand of agricultural products. Establish fast-test mini-lab of food safety in 100 wet markets. The coverage of traceability system for meat, vegetable and fish achieving 100% of food wholesale markets, wet markets and supermarkets within urban area. Upgrading 101 wet markets. |
Other | Promoting the system of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. Developing produce traceability system Develop local series of standard for food. | Intensifying food quality regulation enforcement. Strengthening food quality monitoring system. | Implementing city-wide food quality regulation enforcement. Intensifying food quality supervision. Improving the administration of pesticides selling such as real name registration system of pesticide buying. |
Bangalore | Cape Town | Kingston | Maputo | Mexico City | Nairobi | Nanjing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HFIAS (Mean) | 0.7 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 0.6 |
HFIAP (%) | |||||||
Food Secure | 83 | 46 | 26 | 29 | 50 | 29 | 79 |
Mildly Food Insecure | 2 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
Moderately Food Insecure | 2 | 13 | 28 | 22 | 11 | 33 | 5 |
Severely Food Insecure | 13 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 27 | 25 | 2 |
Mean HDDS | 5.4 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 7.8 |
Mean MAHFP | 11.9 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 12.0 |
Mean LPI | 0.23 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.10 |
N | 1700 | 2500 | 702 | 2071 | 1200 | 1434 | 1210 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhong, T.; Si, Z.; Scott, S.; Crush, J.; Yang, K.; Huang, X. Comprehensive Food System Planning for Urban Food Security in Nanjing, China. Land 2021, 10, 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101090
Zhong T, Si Z, Scott S, Crush J, Yang K, Huang X. Comprehensive Food System Planning for Urban Food Security in Nanjing, China. Land. 2021; 10(10):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101090
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Taiyang, Zhenzhong Si, Steffanie Scott, Jonathan Crush, Kui Yang, and Xianjin Huang. 2021. "Comprehensive Food System Planning for Urban Food Security in Nanjing, China" Land 10, no. 10: 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101090
APA StyleZhong, T., Si, Z., Scott, S., Crush, J., Yang, K., & Huang, X. (2021). Comprehensive Food System Planning for Urban Food Security in Nanjing, China. Land, 10(10), 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101090