Reconstruction of an Acid Water Spill in a Mountain Reservoir
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site Description
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. On-Site Measurements
3.2. Model Description and Application
3.2.1. General Model Description
3.2.2. Geometry and Bathymetry Derivation
3.2.3. Data Sources
- -
- Meteorological data: Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, precipitation and solar radiation data were obtained from the Meteorological Spanish Survey [30] from El Campillo Station, located 19.25 km east of the Olivargas Reservoir. Dew point temperature was calculated from relative humidity and air temperature [31]. The precipitation temperature was obtained from the dew point. The percentage of cloud cover was calculated according to the methods of [32,33,34] from the solar radiation data, with Glover and McCulloch’s method providing the best result.
- -
- Flow into the reservoir: The only inflow considered was from the Olivargas River, which, in the rainy season, contributes more than 90% of the incoming flow. The river flow database was generated with the SWAT code. A more detailed description of the SWAT model application to the region can be found in [28,35,36].
- -
- Inflow water quality:
- ○
- The water temperature of the inflow was obtained from continuous measurements by the CTD-DIVER installed in the Olivargas River.
- ○
- The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the inflow was calculated from the EC measured continuously by a CTD-DIVER installed in the Olivargas River and the molecular weight of CaSO4 (the dominant salt in the reservoir).
- ○
- The DO of the inflow was calculated from the air-water equilibrium, water temperature and ionic strength.
- ○
- The labile dissolved organic matter (LDOM) and the alkalinity of the inflow were obtained from the average of four sampling campaigns and considered constant throughout the modeling period. Total inorganic carbon (TIC) was obtained from the measured values of pH and alkalinity.
- -
- Extractions: There are two water withdrawal points instrumented inside the reservoir: one for the mining company, MATSA, operating the Aguas Teñidas mine located near segment 16, and another owned by the drinking water company, GIAHSA, located near segment 23 (blue dots, Figure 1b).
- -
- Temperature, TDS, and DO profiles were taken at the measuring point near the dam (Figure 1b) on the 6 July 2009.
- -
- The LDOM profile was obtained at the measuring point on 30 January 2010.
- -
- The alkalinity profile was obtained on 4 September 2009, at the measuring point. The TIC profile was obtained from the alkalinity and pH values.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. General Calibration of Model
4.2. Hydrodynamic Modeling
4.2.1. Water Head
4.2.2. Temperature
4.2.3. Total dissolved solids (TDS)
4.2.4. Dissolved Oxygen
4.2.5. pH
4.3. Calibration of the Anomalous Period
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Value |
---|---|
Dam crest height *, m a.s.l. | 163 |
Volume *, Mm3 | 28.5 |
Total area *, km2 | 2.44 |
Maximum depth *, m | 33 |
Length *, km | 7.57 |
Greatest width *, km | 1.6 |
Spillway height, m a.s.l. | 158.7 |
Number of withdrawal structures | 2 |
Average percent for mining extraction, % | 45 |
Average percent of extraction for domestic supply, % | 55 |
Year of filling | 1983 |
Coefficient | Olivargas Reservoir | Cole and Wells (2015) |
---|---|---|
Horizontal eddy viscosity, m2/s | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Horizontal eddy diffusivity, m2/s | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Interfacial friction factor, adim | 0.015 | 0.015 |
Manning coefficient, s/m1/3 | 0.027 | - |
Wind roughness height, m | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Wind sheltering, adim | 1.2 | 0.1–0.9 |
Fraction of heat lost to sediments added back to water column, adim | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Fraction of solar radiation absorbed at the water surface, adim | 0.45 | 0.45 |
Coefficient of bottom heat exchange, W/m2/s | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Light extinction coefficient for pure water, m−1 | 0.45 | 0.25 or 0.45 |
Extinction coefficient for inorganic solid, m−1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Extinction coefficient for organic solid, m−1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
LDOM decay rate, day−1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Sediment oxygen demand, g/m2/day | 0.2 | 0.1–0.5 |
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Jofre-Meléndez, R.; Torres, E.; Ramos-Arroyo, Y.R.; Galván, L.; Ruiz-Cánovas, C.; Ayora, C. Reconstruction of an Acid Water Spill in a Mountain Reservoir. Water 2017, 9, 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090613
Jofre-Meléndez R, Torres E, Ramos-Arroyo YR, Galván L, Ruiz-Cánovas C, Ayora C. Reconstruction of an Acid Water Spill in a Mountain Reservoir. Water. 2017; 9(9):613. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090613
Chicago/Turabian StyleJofre-Meléndez, Rodolfo, Ester Torres, Yann René Ramos-Arroyo, Laura Galván, Carlos Ruiz-Cánovas, and Carlos Ayora. 2017. "Reconstruction of an Acid Water Spill in a Mountain Reservoir" Water 9, no. 9: 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090613