Sustainable Measures for Mitigation of Flooding Hazards: A Case Study in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Study Area
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Study Area and Scenario in Shanghai
3. Characteristics of Global Warming in Shanghai
3.1. Temperature Variation
3.2. Sea Level Change
4. Pluvial Flooding Hazards in Shanghai
5. Correlation between Heavy Rainfall and Global Warming
6. Potential Risks and Prevention Countermeasures Due to Pluvial Hazards
6.1. Potential Damage Due to Flooding Hazards
6.2. Monitoring for Flood Disaster Prevention: Current Status of Assessment
6.3. Engineering Treatment Technology
7. Conclusions
- 1.
- The torrential rainfall is concentrated from May to September. In recent years, extraordinary torrential rainfall and short duration rainfall showed an increasing trend, while the totals of torrential rainfall have remained about the same. Torrential rainfall parameters, Pm ranging from 50 mm to 150 mm, and Ia in the range of 5 mm/h to 60 mm/h, are more likely to induce pluvial flooding hazards.
- 2.
- Extraordinary torrential rainfall events and extraordinarily short duration torrential rainfall events easily lead to pluvial flooding hazards. With an increase in temperature, the frequency of extraordinarily short duration torrential rainfalls increases significantly, while the frequency of extraordinary torrential rainfalls increases somewhat with increases in sea level.
- 3.
- Pluvial flooding due to heavy rainfall may induce large potential damage to coastal structures and residents’ lives. In recent years, the above hazards have become more serious. Thus, monitoring and database systems, with contemporary geomatics technologies such as GIS, GPS and RS should be used to effectively forecast heavy rainfall. Meanwhile, appropriate engineering treatment technology, such as repairing and increasing the capacity of the drainage system and the Sponge City, should be chosen for this type of hazard.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Impact Level | Number of Sections of Inundated Road Reported by Media |
---|---|
Level I | “A few” or NR ≤ 3 |
Level II | “Less than 10”, “More than 10” or 4 ≤ NR ≤ 11 |
Level III | From “Less than 20” to “more than 40” or 12 ≤ NR ≤ 50 |
Level IV | From “More than 50” to “More than 200” or “Extensively water-logged” or NR ≥ 51 |
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Yuan, Y.; Xu, Y.-S.; Arulrajah, A. Sustainable Measures for Mitigation of Flooding Hazards: A Case Study in Shanghai, China. Water 2017, 9, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050310
Yuan Y, Xu Y-S, Arulrajah A. Sustainable Measures for Mitigation of Flooding Hazards: A Case Study in Shanghai, China. Water. 2017; 9(5):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050310
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Yao, Ye-Shuang Xu, and Arul Arulrajah. 2017. "Sustainable Measures for Mitigation of Flooding Hazards: A Case Study in Shanghai, China" Water 9, no. 5: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050310