The Human Threat to River Ecosystems at the Watershed Scale: An Ecological Security Assessment of the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Human Threat Factors
2.3. Threat Frequency and Severity
2.4. Calculation and Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Frequency for Individual Factors
3.2. Integrated ETI of the SRB
3.3. Impact of Individual Factors on the ETI
4. Conclusions and Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Threat Factors | Classification | Unit | Water Quality | Physical Habitat | Biotic Interactions | Flow Regime | Energy Source | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Urbanization | No./km2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 14 |
Secondary industrial output | Urbanization | CNY (104)/km2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
Urbanized & industrialized areas | Urbanization | % | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 13 |
Large animals | Agricultural development | No./km2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
Fertilizer | Agricultural development | kg/km2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 |
Pesticides | Agricultural development | kg/km2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
Agricultural area | Agricultural development | % | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
Reservoir storage | Facility construction | m3/km2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 15 |
Traffic land | Facility construction | % | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
Mining & manufacturing sites | Facility construction | No./km2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
Threat Factor | z-Score | p-Value | Hot Spot Location |
---|---|---|---|
Population | 6.436 | 0.000 | |
Secondary industrial output | 4.157 | 0.000 | |
Urbanized & industrialized areas | 4.736 | 0.000 | |
Large animals | 3.362 | 0.001 | |
Fertilizer | 13.239 | 0.000 | |
Pesticides | 9.084 | 0.000 | |
Agricultural area | 9.075 | 0.000 | |
Reservoir storage | 7.775 | 0.000 | |
Traffic land | 4.445 | 0.000 | |
Mining & manufacturing sites | 0.208 | 0.835 | Random |
Threat Factor | Sensitivity (%) | Condition | Sensitivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Agricultural area | 2.91 | Agricultural development | 5.14 |
Population | 2.32 | ||
Pesticides | 1.40 | ||
Urbanized & industrialized areas | 1.10 | Urbanization | 4.06 |
Secondary industrial output | 0.63 | ||
Traffic land | 0.57 | ||
Fertilizer | 0.47 | ||
Large animals | 0.37 | Facility construction | 0.84 |
Reservoir storage | 0.22 | ||
Mining & manufacturing sites | 0.05 |
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Shen, Y.; Cao, H.; Tang, M.; Deng, H. The Human Threat to River Ecosystems at the Watershed Scale: An Ecological Security Assessment of the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China. Water 2017, 9, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030219
Shen Y, Cao H, Tang M, Deng H. The Human Threat to River Ecosystems at the Watershed Scale: An Ecological Security Assessment of the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China. Water. 2017; 9(3):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030219
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Yuan, Huiming Cao, Mingfang Tang, and Hongbing Deng. 2017. "The Human Threat to River Ecosystems at the Watershed Scale: An Ecological Security Assessment of the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China" Water 9, no. 3: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030219
APA StyleShen, Y., Cao, H., Tang, M., & Deng, H. (2017). The Human Threat to River Ecosystems at the Watershed Scale: An Ecological Security Assessment of the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China. Water, 9(3), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030219