Analysis of the Course and Frequency of High Water Stages in Selected Catchments of the Upper Vistula Basin in the South of Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characterization of Study Catchments
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Trend Detection for High Water Stage Metrics
3.2. Homogeneity of Statistical Data
3.3. Heteroscedasticity
3.4. Time Series Periodicity
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Long-term hydrometric measurements conducted in the study catchments usually indicated upward trends for maximum flows and increasing incidence of high water stages. However, these trends were not significant.
- No significant differences in high water stage metrics were detected for the Dunajec, the Kamienica, and the San. Therefore, it may be concluded that no factor significantly affecting the runoff of high water from these catchments has appeared in the investigated multi-year period. Significant differences between the analyzed metrics (Qmax and POTX) were detected for the Rudawa and the Wisłok, respectively. Additionally, no significant differences in the variances for these metrics were found in each of the cases.
- Although the detected trends were not significant, the hydrological parameters and meteorological factors should be still monitored in order to capture any changes in the trend significance and the factors affecting their fluctuations.
- Spectral analysis indicates that Qmax shows the same cyclic behavior in the five analyzed basins.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metric | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
Qmax | m3·s−1 | The highest flow observed during a hydrological year (max{Qmax;w; Qmaxs}) |
Qmax;w | m3·s−1 | The highest flow observed during the winter half-year (1 November–30 April) |
Qmax;s | m3·s−1 | The highest flow observed during the summer half-year (1 May–30 October) |
POTX | m3·s−1 | Mean size of the flow determined based on high water stages exceeding the assumed threshold value |
POT3F | – | Number of high water stages exceeding the threshold value for each hydrological year (ΣZPOT3F + SPOT3F) |
WPOT3F | – | Number of high water stages exceeding the threshold value for the winter half-year (1 November–30 April) |
SPOT3F | – | Number of high water stages exceeding the threshold value for the summer half-year (1 May–30 October) |
Metric | Range | Mann-Kendall S | Test Z | p | Trend for the Significance Level α = 0.05 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dunajec–Nowy Targ-Kowaniec cross-section | |||||
Qmax [m3∙s−1] | 33.30–283.00 | 54 | 0.86 | 0.28 | non-significant |
Qmax;w [m3∙s−1] | 24.40–178.00 | 20 | 0.31 | 0.38 | non-significant |
Qmax;s [m3∙s−1] | 28.50–283.00 | 52 | 0.83 | 0.28 | non-significant |
POTX [m3∙s−1] | 29.10–118.20 | 13 | 0.19 | 0.39 | non-significant |
POT3F [–] | 0–5 | 46 | 0.79 | 0.29 | non-significant |
WPOT3F [–] | 0–2 | 48 | 0.85 | 0.28 | non-significant |
SPOT3F [–] | 0–5 | 28 | 0.49 | 0.35 | non-significant |
Rudawa–Balice cross-section | |||||
Qmax [m3∙s−1] | 3.72–32.90 | 87 | 1.39 | 0.15 | non-significant |
Qmax;w [m3∙s−1] | 2.68–28.20 | 80 | 1.28 | 0.18 | non-significant |
Qmax;s [m3∙s−1] | 1.82–32.90 | 75 | 1.320 | 0.19 | non-significant |
POTX [m3∙s−1] | 3.28–17.95 | 40 | 0.63 | 0.33 | non-significant |
POT3F [–] | 0–8 | 43 | 0.73 | 0.31 | non-significant |
WPOT3F [–] | 0–4 | 53 | 0.87 | 0.27 | non-significant |
SPOT3F [–] | 0–6 | 16 | 0.29 | 0.38 | non-significant |
Kamienica–Nowy Sącz cross-section | |||||
Qmax [m3∙s−1] | 17.40–196.00 | 25 | 0.39 | 0.37 | non-significant |
Qmax;w [m3∙s−1] | 10.10–106.00 | 26 | 0.41 | 0.37 | non-significant |
Qmax;s [m3∙s−1] | 14.60–196.00 | 29 | 0.45 | 0.36 | non-significant |
POTX [m3∙s−1] | 9.25–104.95 | 49 | 0.78 | 0.29 | non-significant |
POT3F [–] | 0–6 | −83 | −1.39 | 0.15 | non-significant |
WPOT3F [–] | 0–3 | −15 | −0.28 | 0.38 | non-significant |
SPOT3F [–] | 0–4 | −101 | −1.70 | 0.09 | non-significant |
Wisłok–Tryńcza cross-section | |||||
Qmax [m3∙s−1] | 69.50–554.00 | 58 | 0.92 | 0.26 | non-significant |
Qmax;w [m3∙s−1] | 49.90–460.00 | 60 | 0.96 | 0.25 | non-significant |
Qmax;s [m3∙s−1] | 35.80–554.00 | 81 | 1.30 | 0.17 | non-significant |
POTX [m3∙s−1] | 48.33–258.00 | 98 | 1.57 | 0.12 | non-significant |
POT3F [–] | 0–6 | 89 | 1.50 | 0.13 | non-significant |
WPOT3F [–] | 0–3 | 70 | 1.23 | 0.19 | non-significant |
SPOT3F [–] | 0–3 | 75 | 1.30 | 0.17 | non-significant |
San–Przemyśl cross-section | |||||
Qmax [m3∙s−1] | 140.00–945.00 | −10 | −0.15 | 0.39 | non-significant |
Qmax;w [m3∙s−1] | 103.00–945.00 | 19 | 0.29 | 0.38 | non-significant |
Qmax;s [m3∙s−1] | 100.00–850.00 | 21 | 0.61 | 0.73 | non-significant |
POTX [m3∙s−1] | 92.50–324.00 | 51 | 0.81 | 0.29 | non-significant |
POT3F [–] | 0–8 | 5 | 0.11 | 0.40 | non-significant |
WPOT3F [–] | 0–4 | 19 | 0.32 | 0.38 | non-significant |
SPOT3F [–] | 0–4 | 19 | 0.34 | 0.38 | non-significant |
Metric | Unit | Values of Tests and Probability of the Test (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | p 1 | W | p 1 | ||
Dunajec–Nowy Targ-Kowaniec cross-section | |||||
Qmax | [m3∙s−1] | 0.960 | 0.327 | 0.004 | 0.948 |
POTX | [m3∙s−1] | 1.278 | 0.258 | 0.463 | 0.501 |
POT3F | [–] | 1.511 | 0.219 | 0.067 | 0.797 |
Kamienica–Nowy Sącz cross-section | |||||
Qmax | [m3∙s−1] | 0.278 | 0.598 | 1.703 | 0.202 |
POTX | [m3∙s−1] | 2.505 | 0.113 | 1.328 | 0.259 |
POT3F | [–] | 0.014 | 0.906 | 0.175 | 0.,678 |
Rudawa–Balice cross-section | |||||
Qmax | [m3∙s−1] | 3.990 | 0.046 | 0.071 | 0.791 |
POTX | [m3∙s−1] | 2.566 | 0.111 | 0.189 | 0.667 |
POT3F | [–] | 2.413 | 0.120 | 0.274 | 0.604 |
Wisłok–Tryńcza cross-section | |||||
Qmax | [m3∙s−1] | 1.998 | 0.158 | 1.663 | 0.207 |
POTX | [m3∙s−1] | 4.143 | 0.041 | 1.102 | 0.302 |
POT3F | [–] | 2.681 | 0.102 | 0.378 | 0.543 |
San–Przemyśl cross-section | |||||
Qmax | [m3∙s−1] | 0.007 | 0.791 | 0.277 | 0.610 |
POTX | [m3∙s−1] | 1.547 | 0.214 | 3.789 | 0.061 |
POT3F | [–] | 0.594 | 0.441 | 0.006 | 0.936 |
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Walega, A.; Młyński, D.; Bogdał, A.; Kowalik, T. Analysis of the Course and Frequency of High Water Stages in Selected Catchments of the Upper Vistula Basin in the South of Poland. Water 2016, 8, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090394
Walega A, Młyński D, Bogdał A, Kowalik T. Analysis of the Course and Frequency of High Water Stages in Selected Catchments of the Upper Vistula Basin in the South of Poland. Water. 2016; 8(9):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090394
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalega, Andrzej, Dariusz Młyński, Andrzej Bogdał, and Tomasz Kowalik. 2016. "Analysis of the Course and Frequency of High Water Stages in Selected Catchments of the Upper Vistula Basin in the South of Poland" Water 8, no. 9: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8090394