Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Hydrogeochemical Investigation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater
3.2. Correlations of Hydrochemical Factors
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
3.4. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Hydrogeochemical Processes Affecting Groundwater Chemistry
4.2. Nitrate Contamination Source
4.3. Natural Attenuation of Nitrate
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statistic | Depth (m) | pH | EC (μS/cm) | DO (mg/L) | Temp (°C) | Eh (mV) | HCO3 (mg/L) | F (mg/L) | Cl (mg/L) | Br (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | 10.0 | 5.2 | 114.0 | 0.8 | 9.5 | 16.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 0.0 |
Max | 240.0 | 7.7 | 1776.0 | 11.5 | 19.3 | 538.4 | 232.9 | 2.3 | 335.6 | 0.2 |
Average | 56.1 | 6.2 | 334.1 | 7.1 | 15.0 | 233.8 | 53.0 | 0.1 | 33.2 | 0.0 |
25% | 48.0 | 6.0 | 229.5 | 5.7 | 14.6 | 193.0 | 25.6 | 0.0 | 17.9 | 0.0 |
Median | 50.0 | 6.2 | 305.0 | 7.6 | 15.0 | 230.0 | 40.3 | 0.1 | 27.5 | 0.0 |
75% | 84.0 | 6.4 | 370.0 | 8.8 | 15.6 | 270.9 | 66.6 | 0.1 | 39.1 | 0.1 |
Statistic | NO3–N (mg/L) | SO4 (mg/L) | Ca (mg/L) | Mg (mg/L) | Na (mg/L) | K (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | Mn (mg/L) | Si (mg/L) | Sr (mg/L) |
Min | 0.01 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 5.3 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 0.0 |
Max | 67.21 | 135.4 | 102.1 | 36.5 | 77.3 | 154.5 | 0.2 | 11.9 | 22.2 | 1.2 |
Average | 17.63 | 12.2 | 29.2 | 6.8 | 21.8 | 4.2 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 15.2 | 0.3 |
25% | 7.88 | 2.8 | 18.4 | 3.5 | 15.6 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 14.1 | 0.2 |
Median | 15.38 | 7.5 | 26.5 | 5.4 | 20.0 | 1.9 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 15.6 | 0.3 |
75% | 23.29 | 15.1 | 37.6 | 8.3 | 26.4 | 2.8 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 17.0 | 0.4 |
Variables | pH | EC | DO | HCO3 | F | Cl | NO3 | SO4 | Ca | Mg | Na | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
EC | −0.247 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
DO | −0.173 | −0.130 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
HCO3 | 0.627 | 0.079 | −0.628 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
F | 0.663 | −0.289 | −0.389 | 0.530 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cl | −0.266 | 0.794 | −0.172 | 0.087 | −0.265 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NO3 | −0.403 | 0.725 | 0.223 | −0.253 | −0.461 | 0.586 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
SO4 | 0.022 | 0.327 | −0.415 | 0.239 | 0.037 | 0.247 | 0.007 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
Ca | 0.015 | 0.865 | −0.262 | 0.372 | −0.064 | 0.782 | 0.601 | 0.379 | 1 | – | – | – |
Mg | −0.015 | 0.764 | −0.311 | 0.341 | −0.029 | 0.728 | 0.431 | 0.521 | 0.777 | 1 | – | – |
Na | −0.408 | 0.717 | 0.003 | −0.059 | −0.347 | 0.749 | 0.805 | −0.033 | 0.633 | 0.426 | 1 | – |
K | −0.520 | 0.508 | 0.054 | −0.305 | −0.490 | 0.439 | 0.518 | 0.323 | 0.329 | 0.403 | 0.388 | 1 |
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 0.904 | – | – | – |
NO3 | 0.830 | (−0.336) | – | – |
Na | 0.830 | – | (−0.383) | – |
Cl | 0.828 | – | – | – |
Mg | 0.706 | 0.306 | – | 0.416 |
HCO3 | – | 0.792 | 0.450 | – |
DO | – | −0.775 | – | – |
Mn | – | 0.745 | – | – |
pH | – | – | 0.893 | – |
F | – | – | 0.560 | – |
Fe | – | – | (−0.428) | 0.323 |
SO4 | – | – | – | 0.825 |
K | – | – | – | 0.734 |
Eigenvalue | 3.5632 | 2.268 | 1.831 | 1.636 |
Percentage variance explained | 27.407 | 17.449 | 14.083 | 12.585 |
Cumulative percentage variance explained | 27.407 | 44.855 | 58.938 | 71.523 |
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Kim, H.-s.; Park, S.-r. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea. Water 2016, 8, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080345
Kim H-s, Park S-r. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea. Water. 2016; 8(8):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080345
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyun-su, and So-ra Park. 2016. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Highly Polluted with Nitrate in an Agricultural Area of Hongseong, Korea" Water 8, no. 8: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080345