Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Distribution of Freshwater Resources
3. Threats to Water Quality
3.1. Human Waste
3.2. Agriculture
3.3. Industry
4. Access to Safe Water Drinking Water
4.1. Drinking Water Supply
- 1
- Degradation of the water supply infrastructure that is 80%–100% in some cases leading to frequent interruption of water supply and massive losses of water;
- 2
- Unclear relationships between willingness to pay for water supply service and installment of meters in relation to perceived gains;
- 3
- Despite measures aiming at providing public access to fresh water it is still unavailable for a majority of the rural population.
4.2. Treatment of Drinking Water
5. Health Impacts
- 1
- Use of untreated wastewater to meet water shortage;
- 2
- Lack of infrastructure, especially related to wastewater treatment and discharge;
- 3
- Lack of health awareness and proper handling of polluted water; and
- 4
- Lack of regulations related to the protection of the environment and public health.
5.1. Non-Microbiological Contaminants
5.2. Microbiological Elements
6. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Total Renewable Water Resources (km3/Year; within Brackets is Given Share of Outside Sources) | Total Renewable Water Resources (m3/Capita and Year) | Average Precipitation (mm/Year) | Main Agricultural Production |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kazakhstan | 117 (34) | 6490 | 250 | Wheat, livestock |
Kyrgyzstan | 58 (0) | 8480 | 530 | Livestock |
Tajikistan | 99 (16) | 13,500 | 690 | Cotton, wheat |
Turkmenistan | 25 (23) | 4090 | 160 | Fruit, vegetables |
Uzbekistan | 59 (34) | 1870 | 265 | Cotton, wheat, fruit |
Access to Water for Population (%) | Coverage of Sanitation System (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |
Kazakhstan | 78 | >35 | 84 | 10 |
Kyrgyzstan | 82 | 58 | 68 | 28 |
Tajikistan | 93 | 49 | 20 | 5 |
Turkmenistan | 85 | 42 | 62 | 2 |
Uzbekistan | 90 | 71 | 85 | 40 |
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Bekturganov, Z.; Tussupova, K.; Berndtsson, R.; Sharapatova, N.; Aryngazin, K.; Zhanasova, M. Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review. Water 2016, 8, 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060219
Bekturganov Z, Tussupova K, Berndtsson R, Sharapatova N, Aryngazin K, Zhanasova M. Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review. Water. 2016; 8(6):219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060219
Chicago/Turabian StyleBekturganov, Zakir, Kamshat Tussupova, Ronny Berndtsson, Nagima Sharapatova, Kapar Aryngazin, and Maral Zhanasova. 2016. "Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review" Water 8, no. 6: 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060219