Reduced Runoff Due to Anthropogenic Intervention in the Loess Plateau, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
3. Methodology
3.1. Statistical Methods
3.2. Potential Evaporation
3.3. Attribution Analysis of Runoff Change
4. Results
4.1. Changes in Runoff
4.2. Changes in Climate and LUCC Elasticity of Naturalized Runoff
4.3. Quantifying the Runoff Response to Climate and Anthropogenic Interference
5. Discussion
5.1. Correlation between Vegetation Parameter n and LUCC, LAI, and NDVI
5.2. Uncertainties and Suggestions
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basin ID | River Name | Station Name | Area (km2) | Robs (mm·year−1) | Pre (mm·year−1) | ET0 (mm·year−1) | AI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kuye River | Wenjiachuan | 8515 | 42.83 | 379 | 942 | 2.59 |
2 | Tuwei River | Gaojiachuan | 3253 | 79.56 | 396 | 950 | 2.48 |
3 | Jialu River | Shenjiawan | 1121 | 33.06 | 412 | 953 | 2.38 |
4 | Wuding River | Baijiachuan | 29,662 | 30.63 | 389 | 964 | 2.56 |
5 | Qingjian River | Yanchuan | 3468 | 35.87 | 460 | 927 | 2.09 |
6 | Qiushui River | Linjiaping | 1873 | 21.87 | 449 | 932 | 2.14 |
7 | Sanchuan River | Houdacheng | 4102 | 39.55 | 460 | 916 | 2.06 |
8 | Fen River | Hejin | 38,728 | 13.52 | 477 | 896 | 1.93 |
9 | Beiluo River | Zhuangtou | 25,645 | 27.74 | 515 | 868 | 1.74 |
10 | Jing River | Zhangjiashan | 43,216 | 31.52 | 484 | 859 | 1.84 |
11 | Wei River | Linjiacun | 30,661 | 48.94 | 491 | 786 | 1.65 |
12 | Yiluo River | Heishiguan | 18,563 | 113.47 | 677 | 889 | 1.37 |
Basin ID | River Name | Robs (mm·year−2) | Rdiv (mm·year−2) | Rnatural (mm·year−2) | Rcoeff (× 10−2) | ET0 (mm·year−2) | Pre (mm·year−2) | AI (× 10−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kuye River | −1.56 *** | 0.12 *** | −1.45 *** | −0.46 *** | 1.09 | 1.59 | −0.52 |
2 | Tuwei River | −1.33 *** | 0.10 *** | −1.23 *** | −0.42 *** | 1.59 * | 1.90 | −0.56 |
3 | Jialu River | −0.61 *** | 0.09 *** | −0.51 *** | −0.19 *** | 1.89 * | 1.81 | −0.35 |
4 | Wuding River | −0.30 *** | 0.23 *** | −0.07 | −0.11 *** | 0.59 | 1.42 | −0.57 |
5 | Qingjian River | −0.27 | 0.10 *** | −0.17 | −0.06 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
6 | Qiushui River | −0.37 ** | 0.59 *** | 0.22 | −0.09 ** | 1.48 | 1.38 | −0.20 |
7 | Sanchuan River | −0.39 | 0.38 *** | −0.01 | −0.11 ** | 1.63 | 1.27 | −0.11 |
8 | Fen River | −0.16 | 0.34 ** | 0.18 | −0.03 | 1.30 | 0.68 | 0.01 |
9 | Beiluo River | −0.48 ** | 0.02 * | −0.46 ** | −0.08 *** | 2.36 * | −0.56 | 0.55 |
10 | Jing River | −0.62 ** | −0.01 | −0.63 ** | −0.12 *** | 2.45 * | −0.42 | 0.54 |
11 | Wei River | −1.67 *** | −0.05 | −1.73 *** | −0.32 *** | 1.93 ** | −0.49 | 0.40 |
12 | Yiluo River | −1.94 | 0.06 | −1.88 | −0.22 | 1.76 | −1.65 | 0.66 |
Period I | Period II | Change Rate (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | εET0 | εPre | εn | εET0 | εPre | εn | ∆εET0 | ∆εPre | ∆εn |
1 | −1.15 | 2.15 | −1.97 | −1.82 | 2.82 | −2.61 | 59.02 | 31.53 | 32.75 |
2 | −0.85 | 1.85 | −1.62 | −1.16 | 2.16 | −1.90 | 36.13 | 16.59 | 17.25 |
3 | −1.56 | 2.56 | −2.28 | −1.98 | 2.98 | −2.59 | 26.43 | 16.12 | 13.25 |
4 | −1.51 | 2.51 | −2.36 | −1.67 | 2.67 | −2.41 | 10.45 | 6.29 | 2.33 |
5 | −1.82 | 2.82 | −2.24 | −2.10 | 3.10 | −2.42 | 15.25 | 9.84 | 7.94 |
6 | −1.83 | 2.83 | −2.33 | −1.85 | 2.85 | −2.26 | 1.43 | 0.92 | −2.73 |
7 | −1.60 | 2.60 | −2.07 | −1.77 | 2.77 | −2.12 | 11.12 | 6.84 | 2.23 |
8 | −2.01 | 3.01 | −2.24 | −2.07 | 3.07 | −2.24 | 3.36 | 2.25 | 0.30 |
9 | −2.54 | 3.54 | −2.26 | −2.83 | 3.83 | −2.49 | 11.50 | 8.25 | 10.08 |
10 | −2.13 | 3.13 | −2.13 | −2.51 | 3.51 | −2.48 | 17.9 | 12.17 | 16.16 |
11 | −1.73 | 2.73 | −1.72 | −2.36 | 3.36 | −2.12 | 35.85 | 22.74 | 23.5 |
12 | −1.40 | 2.40 | −1.26 | −1.61 | 2.61 | −1.36 | 14.86 | 8.68 | 8.27 |
Area (km2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Land Use | Before 1999 | After 1999 | Change | Change Rate (%) |
Cultivated | 202,527 | 202,019 | −508 | −0.25 |
Forest | 91,251 | 100,593 | 9342 | 10.24 |
Grassland | 270,619 | 257,767 | −12,852 | −4.75 |
Water bodies | 8126 | 8554 | 428 | 5.27 |
Residential | 13,572 | 16,335 | 2763 | 20.36 |
Unused | 40,907 | 41,756 | 849 | 2.08 |
Basin ID | n1 | n2 | ∆ (%) | ∆LAI (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.41 | 2.03 | 44.35 | 77.93 |
2 | 1.14 | 1.43 | 26.29 | 85.82 |
3 | 1.81 | 2.21 | 21.62 | 109.46 |
4 | 1.74 | 1.90 | 9.41 | 73.67 |
5 | 2.11 | 2.38 | 12.52 | 95.68 |
6 | 2.10 | 2.14 | 2.12 | 48.69 |
7 | 1.90 | 2.09 | 9.97 | 32.39 |
8 | 2.32 | 2.39 | 3.18 | 36.75 |
9 | 2.91 | 3.16 | 8.68 | 35.8 |
10 | 2.49 | 2.81 | 13.02 | 54.5 |
11 | 2.18 | 2.75 | 26.30 | 33.8 |
12 | 1.98 | 2.19 | 10.74 | 38.87 |
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Li, Y.; Liu, C.; Zhang, D.; Liang, K.; Li, X.; Dong, G. Reduced Runoff Due to Anthropogenic Intervention in the Loess Plateau, China. Water 2016, 8, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100458
Li Y, Liu C, Zhang D, Liang K, Li X, Dong G. Reduced Runoff Due to Anthropogenic Intervention in the Loess Plateau, China. Water. 2016; 8(10):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100458
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yanzhong, Changming Liu, Dan Zhang, Kang Liang, Xinan Li, and Guotao Dong. 2016. "Reduced Runoff Due to Anthropogenic Intervention in the Loess Plateau, China" Water 8, no. 10: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100458