Quantification of Fog Water Collection in Three Locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evolution of the Variables Monitored in the Location of La Esperanza
3.2. Evolution of the Variables Monitored in the Location of Taborno
3.3. Comparison of Rainfall and Fog Collection Events in the Location of El Gaitero
3.4. Comparison of the Three Sites in Terms of Collected Fog Water
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Guerra, J.C.; Carrillo, J.; Rodríguez, J.; Arencibia, M.T.; Cuevas, E. Thermodynamic Structure of the Lower Subtropical Troposphere over the Canary Islands. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the European Meteorological Society, El Escorial, Madrid, Spain, 1–5 October 2007.
- Font Tullot, I. El tiempo atmosférico de las Islas Canarias. In Publicaciones del Servicio Nacional de Meteorología; Serie A (Memorias No. 26); Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (INM): Madrid, Spain, 1956; pp. 15–23. [Google Scholar]
- Cuevas, E. Estudio del comportamiento del ozono troposférico en el observatorio de Izaña (Tenerife) y su relación con la dinámica atmosférica. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Rodríguez, S. Comparación de las Variaciones de Ozono Superficial Asociadas a Procesos de Transporte Sobre y bajo la Inversión de Temperatura Subtropical en Tenerife. MSc Dissertation, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Aboal, J.R.; Regalado, C.M.; Ritter, A.; Gómez, L.A.; Fernández, A.B. Interceptación de Lluvia y Niebla en Bosques de Laurisilva y pinar de las Islas Canarias. In Interceptación de la Lluvia por la Vegetación en España; Belmonte Serrato, F., Romero Díaz, A., Eds.; Fundación Instituto Euromediterráneo del Agua: Murcia, Spain, 2013; pp. 47–78. Available online: http://www.icia.es/icia/download/suelosyriegos/Libro_Aboal-CAPITULO1.pdf (accessed on 17 June 2015).
- Ritter, A.; Regalado, C.M.; Aschan, G. Fog water collection in a subtropical elfin laurel forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): A combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically-based impaction model. J. Hydrometeorol. 2008, 9, 920–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritter, A.; Regalado, C.M.; Aschan, G. Fog reduces transpiration in tree species of the Canarian relict heath-laurel cloud forest (Garajonay National Park, Spain). Tree Physiol. 2009, 29, 517–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gischler, C. Atrapanieblas para fertilizar el desierto. Iberica 1982, 230, 53–55. [Google Scholar]
- Gischler, C.; Fernández Jáuregui, C. Técnicas económicas para la conservación y gestión del agua en América Latina. Nat. Recur. 1984, 20, 11–18. [Google Scholar]
- Lleal, F. La Camanchaca. Captaciones de agua en el desierto de Atacama. Riegos Drenajes 1991, 49, 33–49. [Google Scholar]
- Ritter, A.; Regalado, C.M. Comment on García-Santos, G.; Bruijnzeel, L.A. 2011 Rainfall, fog and throughfall dynamics in a subtropical ridge top cloud forest, National Park of Garajonay (La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain). Hydrol. Process. 2013, 27, 1123–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glickman, T.S. Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd ed.; American Meteorological Society: Boston, MA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Klemm, O.; Wrzesinsky, T.; Scheer, C. Fog water flux at a canopy top: Direct measurement versus one-dimensional model. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 5375–5386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ide, R.F. Comparison of Liquid Water Content Measurement Techniques in an Icing Wind Tunnel. NASA Technical Memorandum; National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 1999.
- Eugster, W.; Burkard, R.; Holwerda, F.; Scatena, F.N.; Bruijnzeel, L.A. Characteristics of fog and fogwater fluxes in a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2006, 139, 288–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuttleworth, W.J. The exchange of wind-driven fog and mist between vegetation and the atmosphere. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 1977, 12, 463–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagel, J.F. Fog precipitation on Table Mountain. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 1956, 82, 452–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skarżyńska, K.; Polkowska, Ż.; Namieśnik, J. Sampling of atmospheric precipitation and deposits for analysis of atmospheric pollution. J. Autom. Methods Manag. Chem. 2006, 26908, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frumau, K.F.A.; Burkard, R.; Schmid, S.; Bruijnzeel, L.A.; Tobón, C.; Calvo-Alvarado, J.C. A comparison of the performance of three types of passive fog gauges under conditions of wind-driven fog and precipitation. Hydrol. Process. 2011, 25, 374–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holwerda, F.; Bruijnzeel, L.A.; Scatena, F.N. Comparison of passive fog gauges for determining fog duration and fog interception by a Puerto Rican elfin cloud forest. Hydrol. Process. 2011, 25, 367–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodman, J. The collection of fog drip. Water Resour. Res. 1985, 21, 392–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruijnzeel, L.A.; Proctor, J. Hydrology and Biochemistry of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: What do We Really Know? In Tropical Montane Cloud Forests. Ecological Studies; Hamilton, L.S., Juvik, J.O., Scatena, F.N., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 1998; pp. 38–78. [Google Scholar]
- Bruijnzeel, L.A. Hydrology of tropical montane cloud forests: A Reassessment. Land Use Water Res. 2001, 1, 1.1–1.18. [Google Scholar]
- Schemenauer, R.S.; Cereceda, P. Fog collection’s role in water planning for developing countries. Nat. Resour. Forum 1994, 18, 91–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivera, J.D.; López-García, D. Mechanical characteristics of Raschel mesh and their application to the design of large fog collectors. Atmos. Res. 2015, 151, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klemm, O.; Schemenauer, R.S.; Lummerich, A.; Cereceda, P.; Marzol, V.; Corell, D.; van Heerden, J.; Reinhard, D.; Gherezghiher, T.; Olivier, J.; et al. Fog as a fresh-water resource: Overview and perspectives. AMBIO 2012, 41, 221–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García Prieto, P. Informe. Sobre. Observaciones. de Captación de Agua Directamente de las Nubes por Medio de Telas. Metálicas Efectuadas. en el observatorio de Izaña (Tenerife); Servicio Meteorológico Nacional: Madrid, Spain, 1962. [Google Scholar]
- Santana Pérez, L.M. Estudio de la Precipitación de Niebla en Tenerife; ICONA: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, 1986; pp. 1–97. [Google Scholar]
- Marzol Jaen, M.V. Fog water collection in a rural park in the Canary Islands (Spain). Atmos. Res. 2002, 64, 239–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morey, M.; González, F. Aspectos de la utilización del agua por las plantas en las Islas Canarias. Bol. Real Soc. Española Historia Nat. Biol. 1966, 64, 369–383. [Google Scholar]
- Kämmer, F. Klima und Vegetation auf Tenerife, besonders im Hinblick auf den Nebelniederschlag. Scr. Geobot. 1974, 7, 1–78. [Google Scholar]
- Santana Pérez, L.M. La precipitación de niebla en Tenerife. Agrocabildo. Available online: http://www.agrocabildo.org/publica/analisisclimatico/precipitacion_en_niebla.pdf (accessed on 17 June 2015).
- Mohnen, V.A.; Kadlecek, J.A. Cloud chemistry research at Whiteface Mountain. Tellus B 1989, 41, 79–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schemenauer, R.S. Acidic deposition to forests: The 1985 Chemistry of High Elevation Fog Project. Atmos. Ocean 1986, 24, 303–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demoz, B.; Collett, J.L., Jr.; Daube, B.C., Jr. On the Caltech active strand cloudwater collectors. Atmos. Res. 1996, 41, 47–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, K.C.; Chhatre, S.S.; Srinivasan, S.; Cohen, R.E.; McKinley, G.H. Optimal design of permeable fiber network structures for fog harvesting. Langmuir 2013, 29, 13269–13277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rivera, J.D. Aerodynamic collection efficiency of fog water collectors. Atmos. Res. 2011, 102, 335–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agrocabildo. Listado de estaciones agrometeorológicas. Available online: http://www.agrocabildo.org/agrometeorologia_estaciones_ detalle.asp?id=7 (accessed on 17 June 2015).
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ritter, A.; Regalado, C.M.; Guerra, J.C. Quantification of Fog Water Collection in Three Locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Water 2015, 7, 3306-3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7073306
Ritter A, Regalado CM, Guerra JC. Quantification of Fog Water Collection in Three Locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Water. 2015; 7(7):3306-3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7073306
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitter, Axel, Carlos M. Regalado, and Juan Carlos Guerra. 2015. "Quantification of Fog Water Collection in Three Locations of Tenerife (Canary Islands)" Water 7, no. 7: 3306-3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7073306