Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Forest Change and Climatic Variability to Hydrology in Large Watersheds: A Critical Review of Research Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Hydrological Modeling
2.2. Trend Analysis
2.3. Double Mass Curves
2.4. Quasi-Paired Watershed Method
2.5. Sensitivity-Based Approach
2.6. Simple Water Balance
2.7. Time Trend Method
2.8. Tomer-Schilling Framework
3. Research Progress
Method | Watershed (km2) | Forest change or land use change (%) at a watershed | Relative contribution (%) | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate variability | Forest change/land use change | ||||
Hydrological Modeling | The source regions of Yellow River (1.22 × 105 km2) | 0.13%~34.03% area change in woodland and shrub/grassland | 65%–95% | 6%–16% | [56] |
Heihe River watershed (1506 km2) | 4.5% of the catchment area was changed mainly from shrubland and sparse | 95.8% | 9.6% | [57] | |
Suomo Watershed (2536 km2) | Forest area decreased by 17%, open woodland increased by 8%, grassland area increased by 10% | 60%–80% | 20% | [62] | |
Hydrological Modeling | The upper Yangtze River watershed (13,721~1,005,501 km2) | Human activities | 55%–73.3% | 28.5%–46.7% | [63] |
Chaobai River watershed (57,001 km2) | Human activities | 34% | 64% | [64] | |
Araguaia River watershed, Brazil (385,000 km2) | 55% Deforestation | 33% | 67% | [65] | |
Trend Analysis | Shiyang river watershed (389~1614 km2) | Area change in Forest, crop and grassland | 64.5%–87.9% | 12.1%–35.5% | [66] |
Hun–Tai River watershed (1112~11,203 km2) | Human activities | 43% | 57% | [67] | |
Pyrenees Watershed, Spain (3.25 × 104 km2) | The increase of agricultural land | 70% | 30% | [68] | |
Wuding River watershed (30,261 km2) | 43% (The soil conservation measures) | 13% | 87% | [45] | |
Qingshui River watershed (436 km2) | Cropland decreased by 72.1%, woodland increased by 963.60% and residential area increased by 576.07% | 46.79% | 53.21% | [69] | |
Taoer River watershed (41,600 km2) | Paddy field increased by 2%, upland increased by 15.10%, forest decreased by 10.60% | 45% | 55% | [61] | |
ColumbiaRiver watershed, Canada (385,000 km2) | Human activities | 48%–55% | 45%–52% | [70] | |
Double Mass Curves | The Willow River watershed, Canada (2,860 km2) | 19.7% Deforestation | 55% | 45% | [26] |
The Upper Zagunao River watershed (2528km2) | 15.5% Deforestation | 42.5% | 57.5% | [71] | |
Quasi-paired Watershed Method | Yulin, 8.28 km2 Xinlin, 28 km2 | Forest cover increased from 20% to 80% | / | 8.61% | [30] |
Sensitivity-Based Approach | Upper catchment of the Yellow River Watershed (222,551 km2) | Human activities | 50% | 40% | [55] |
Baiyangdian Lake (3,465 km2) | Construction of water conservation facilities | 38%–40% | 60%–62% | [52] | |
The headwaters of the Yellow River Watershed (1.32 × 105 km2) | Water and soil conservation engineering | 30% | 70% | [72] | |
Sensitivity-Based Approach | The Loess Plateau (1,279–9,289 km2) | Water and soil conservation engineering | 21%–57% | 43%–79% | [21] |
Crawford River watershed, Darlot Creek watershed, Tinana Creek watershed (698–1,174 km2) | Afforestation 13.4%–23.5% | 21%–49% | 61%–64% | [73] | |
Simple Water Balance | Yiluo River watershed (1.89 × 105 km2) | Water and soil conservation engineering | 21.75% | 78.26% | [40] |
Time Trend Method | Seven paired catchments from Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa (0.18–3.44 km2) | Clearing vegetation 32%–100% Afforestation 67%–83% Forest conversion 100% | 10%–72% | 28%–98% | [55] |
The upper reach of the Weihe River (1.35 × 105 km2) | Human activities | 40% | 60% | [64] | |
Plata watershed, Paragury(3.2 × 104 km2) | Forest land converted to cropland | 41%–53% | 51%–59% | [74] | |
Tomer-Schilling Framework | Four candidate Midwest watersheds | Changes in agricultural land cover | Increase/decreased Pex and Eex | Increased Pex and decreased Eex | [50] |
4. Future Research Challenges and Research Priorities
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wei, X.; Liu, W.; Zhou, P. Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Forest Change and Climatic Variability to Hydrology in Large Watersheds: A Critical Review of Research Methods. Water 2013, 5, 728-746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5020728
Wei X, Liu W, Zhou P. Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Forest Change and Climatic Variability to Hydrology in Large Watersheds: A Critical Review of Research Methods. Water. 2013; 5(2):728-746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5020728
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Xiaohua, Wenfei Liu, and Peicong Zhou. 2013. "Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Forest Change and Climatic Variability to Hydrology in Large Watersheds: A Critical Review of Research Methods" Water 5, no. 2: 728-746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5020728