Trade Liberalization and Climate Change: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of the Impacts on Global Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The GTAP-W Model (Version 2)
3. Design of Model Experiments
4. Simulation Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
References and Notes
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- The data are available from the authors on request.
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Annex A
A. Regional Aggregation | B. Sectoral Aggregation | |
---|---|---|
1. USA — United States | 1. Rice — Rice | |
2. CAN — Canada | 2. Wheat — Wheat | |
3. WEU — Western Europe | 3. CerCrops — Cereal grains (maize, millet, | |
4. JPK — Japan and South Korea | sorghum and other grains) | |
5. ANZ — Australia and New Zealand | 4. VegFruits — Vegetable, fruits, nuts | |
6. EEU — Eastern Europe | 5. OilSeeds —- Oil seeds | |
7. FSU — Former Soviet Union | 6. Sug_Can — Sugar cane, sugar beet | |
8. MDE — Middle East | 7. Oth_Agr — Other agricultural products | |
9. CAM — Central America | 8. Animals — Animals | |
10. SAM — South America | 9. Meat — Meat | |
11. SAS — South Asia | 10. Food_Prod — Food products | |
12. SEA — Southeast Asia | 11. Forestry — Forestry | |
13. CHI — China | 12. Fishing — Fishing | |
14. NAF — North Africa | 13. Coal — Coal | |
15. SSA — Sub-Saharan Africa | 14. Oil —- Oil | |
16. ROW — Rest of the World | 15. Gas — Gas | |
16. Oil_Pcts — Oil products | ||
C. Endowments | 17. Electricity — Electricity | |
Wtr — Irrigation | 18. Water — Water | |
Lnd — Irrigated land | 19. En_Int_Ind — Energy intensive industries | |
RfLand -— Rainfed land | 20. Oth_Ind — Other industry and services | |
PsLand -— Pasture land | 21. Mserv — Market services | |
Lab — Labour | 22. NMServ — Non-market services | |
Capital — Capital | ||
NatlRes — Natural resources |
Annex B
Rainfed Agriculture | Irrigated Agriculture | Total | Share of irrigated | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Area | Production | Area | Production | Area | Production | agriculture in total: | |
(thousand ha) | (thousand mt) | (thousand ha) | (thousand mt) | (thousand ha) | (thousand mt) | Area (%) | Production (%) | |
Regions | ||||||||
United States | 35,391 | 209,833 | 67,112 | 440,470 | 102,503 | 650,303 | 65.5 | 67.7 |
Canada | 27,267 | 65,253 | 717 | 6,065 | 27,984 | 71,318 | 2.6 | 8.5 |
Western Europe | 59,494 | 462,341 | 10,130 | 146,768 | 69,624 | 609,108 | 14.5 | 24.1 |
Japan and South Korea | 1,553 | 23,080 | 4,909 | 71,056 | 6,462 | 94,136 | 76.0 | 75.5 |
Australia and New Zealand | 21,196 | 67,204 | 2,237 | 27,353 | 23,433 | 94,557 | 9.5 | 28.9 |
Eastern Europe | 37,977 | 187,468 | 5,958 | 40,470 | 43,935 | 227,939 | 13.6 | 17.8 |
Former Soviet Union | 85,794 | 235,095 | 16,793 | 74,762 | 102,587 | 309,857 | 16.4 | 24.1 |
Middle East | 29,839 | 135,151 | 21,450 | 118,989 | 51,289 | 254,140 | 41.8 | 46.8 |
Central America | 12,970 | 111,615 | 8,745 | 89,637 | 21,715 | 201,252 | 40.3 | 44.5 |
South America | 79,244 | 649,419 | 9,897 | 184,304 | 89,141 | 833,723 | 11.1 | 22.1 |
South Asia | 137,533 | 491,527 | 114,425 | 560,349 | 251,958 | 1,051,877 | 45.4 | 53.3 |
Southeast Asia | 69,135 | 331,698 | 27,336 | 191,846 | 96,471 | 523,543 | 28.3 | 36.6 |
China | 64,236 | 615,196 | 123,018 | 907,302 | 187,254 | 1,522,498 | 65.7 | 59.6 |
North Africa | 15,587 | 51,056 | 7,352 | 78,787 | 22,938 | 129,843 | 32.0 | 60.7 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 171,356 | 439,492 | 5,994 | 43,283 | 177,349 | 482,775 | 3.4 | 9.0 |
Rest of the World | 3,810 | 47,466 | 1,093 | 23,931 | 4,903 | 71,397 | 22.3 | 33.5 |
World | 852,381 | 4,122,894 | 427,164 | 3,005,371 | 1,279,545 | 7,128,265 | 33.4 | 42.2 |
Crops | ||||||||
Rice | 59,678 | 108,179 | 93,053 | 294,934 | 152,730 | 403,113 | 60.9 | 73.2 |
Wheat | 124,147 | 303,638 | 90,492 | 285,080 | 214,639 | 588,718 | 42.2 | 48.4 |
Cereal grains | 225,603 | 504,028 | 69,402 | 369,526 | 295,005 | 873,554 | 23.5 | 42.3 |
Vegetables, fruits, nuts | 133,756 | 1,374,128 | 36,275 | 537,730 | 170,031 | 1,911,858 | 21.3 | 28.1 |
Oil seeds | 68,847 | 125,480 | 29,578 | 73,898 | 98,425 | 199,379 | 30.1 | 37.1 |
Sugar cane, sugar beet | 16,457 | 846,137 | 9,241 | 664,023 | 25,699 | 1,510,161 | 36.0 | 44.0 |
Other agricultural products | 223,894 | 861,303 | 99,122 | 780,180 | 323,017 | 1,641,483 | 30.7 | 47.5 |
Total | 852,381 | 4,122,894 | 427,164 | 3,005,371 | 1,279,545 | 7,128,265 | 33.4 | 42.2 |
Rainfed Agriculture | Irrigated Agriculture | Total | Share of irrigated agriculture in total | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Area (%) | Production (%) | Area (%) | Production (%) | Area (%) | Production (%) | Area (%) | Production (%) | ||||||||
2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | |
Regions | ||||||||||||||||
United States | −4.14 | −10.34 | 27.60 | 71.38 | 1.43 | 3.58 | 37.63 | 98.10 | −0.49 | −1.23 | 34.39 | 89.48 | 1.93 | 4.87 | 2.41 | 4.55 |
Canada | −7.98 | −19.95 | 24.50 | 49.17 | −5.40 | −13.49 | 23.01 | 58.95 | −7.91 | −19.78 | 24.37 | 50.00 | 2.73 | 7.84 | −1.10 | 5.97 |
Western Europe | −13.23 | −33.08 | 2.13 | −2.18 | −7.30 | −18.24 | 13.31 | 28.50 | −12.37 | −30.92 | 4.82 | 5.21 | 5.79 | 18.35 | 8.10 | 22.14 |
Japan and South Korea | −11.51 | −28.76 | 8.61 | 18.49 | −9.28 | −23.21 | 1.65 | 1.80 | −9.82 | −24.54 | 3.36 | 5.89 | 0.59 | 1.77 | −1.65 | −3.86 |
Australia and New Zealand | −2.35 | −5.87 | 23.94 | 62.42 | −0.92 | −2.30 | 29.57 | 79.31 | −2.21 | −5.53 | 25.57 | 67.31 | 1.32 | 3.42 | 3.19 | 7.18 |
Eastern Europe | −9.18 | −22.94 | 12.18 | 23.89 | −7.34 | −18.36 | 31.76 | 72.49 | −8.93 | −22.32 | 15.66 | 32.52 | 1.74 | 5.11 | 13.92 | 30.16 |
Regions | ||||||||||||||||
Former Soviet Union | −2.57 | −6.42 | 31.73 | 75.58 | 0.27 | 0.68 | 34.47 | 90.91 | −2.10 | −5.26 | 32.39 | 79.28 | 2.42 | 6.26 | 1.57 | 6.48 |
Middle East | 1.32 | 3.29 | 21.02 | 56.03 | 5.18 | 12.95 | 48.73 | 135.08 | 2.93 | 7.33 | 34.00 | 93.04 | 2.18 | 5.23 | 11.00 | 21.77 |
Central America | 1.40 | 3.51 | 46.28 | 132.71 | 7.30 | 18.25 | 52.26 | 146.86 | 3.78 | 9.45 | 48.94 | 139.01 | 3.39 | 8.04 | 2.23 | 3.28 |
South America | 10.51 | 26.27 | 77.50 | 243.39 | 14.77 | 36.93 | 86.76 | 266.27 | 10.98 | 27.45 | 79.55 | 248.45 | 3.42 | 7.44 | 4.02 | 5.11 |
South Asia | −11.65 | −29.13 | 12.26 | 31.23 | 10.53 | 26.31 | 46.70 | 129.70 | −1.58 | −3.95 | 30.61 | 83.69 | 12.30 | 31.51 | 12.32 | 25.05 |
Southeast Asia | 4.73 | 11.83 | 29.96 | 81.67 | 0.45 | 1.11 | 47.20 | 135.43 | 3.52 | 8.79 | 36.28 | 101.37 | −2.97 | −7.06 | 8.01 | 16.91 |
China | −3.85 | −9.63 | 12.42 | 31.46 | −1.77 | −4.43 | 11.79 | 30.47 | −2.49 | −6.21 | 12.04 | 30.87 | 0.73 | 1.90 | −0.23 | −0.31 |
North Africa | 2.72 | 6.80 | 43.74 | 122.97 | 5.09 | 12.73 | 35.77 | 101.93 | 3.48 | 8.70 | 38.91 | 110.20 | 1.56 | 3.71 | −2.26 | −3.94 |
Sub−Saharan Africa | 13.42 | 33.54 | 51.39 | 143.65 | 30.93 | 77.32 | 97.97 | 303.81 | 14.01 | 35.02 | 55.56 | 158.01 | 14.84 | 31.33 | 27.26 | 56.51 |
Rest of the World | 6.56 | 16.41 | 51.15 | 146.89 | 12.22 | 30.55 | 75.96 | 226.20 | 7.83 | 19.56 | 59.46 | 173.47 | 4.07 | 9.19 | 10.34 | 19.28 |
Total | −0.06 | −0.16 | 31.31 | 87.97 | 3.48 | 8.70 | 34.85 | 96.82 | 1.12 | 2.80 | 32.80 | 91.70 | 2.34 | 5.74 | 1.54 | 2.67 |
Crops | ||||||||||||||||
Rice | −9.85 | −24.63 | −0.65 | −2.90 | −1.46 | −3.64 | 11.15 | 26.52 | −4.74 | −11.84 | 7.98 | 18.62 | 3.44 | 9.30 | 2.93 | 6.65 |
Wheat | −5.57 | −13.93 | 17.95 | 40.86 | −1.63 | −4.07 | 31.65 | 75.50 | −3.91 | −9.77 | 24.59 | 57.63 | 2.37 | 6.32 | 5.67 | 11.33 |
Cereal grains | −1.37 | −3.42 | 28.33 | 70.73 | 6.03 | 15.07 | 42.06 | 113.46 | 0.37 | 0.93 | 34.14 | 88.80 | 5.63 | 14.01 | 5.91 | 13.06 |
Vegetables, fruits, nuts | 5.09 | 12.72 | 26.80 | 70.79 | 10.45 | 26.13 | 39.26 | 109.13 | 6.23 | 15.58 | 30.30 | 81.57 | 3.97 | 9.13 | 6.87 | 15.18 |
Oil seeds | 2.88 | 7.20 | 7.84 | 18.55 | 3.13 | 7.82 | 27.40 | 71.89 | 2.95 | 7.39 | 15.09 | 38.32 | 0.17 | 0.41 | 10.70 | 24.27 |
Sugar cane, sugar beet | 26.10 | 65.26 | 74.19 | 230.82 | 23.85 | 59.63 | 62.77 | 188.29 | 25.29 | 63.23 | 69.17 | 212.12 | −1.15 | −2.21 | −3.78 | −7.63 |
Other agricultural products | 1.01 | 2.53 | 10.29 | 23.26 | 6.66 | 16.65 | 15.45 | 39.34 | 2.74 | 6.86 | 12.74 | 30.90 | 3.81 | 9.16 | 2.40 | 6.44 |
Total | −0.06 | −0.16 | 31.31 | 87.97 | 3.48 | 8.70 | 34.85 | 96.82 | 1.12 | 2.80 | 32.80 | 91.70 | 2.34 | 5.74 | 1.54 | 2.67 |
Description | TL1 | TL2 | A1B | A2 | A1B + TL1 | A1B + TL2 | A2 + TL1 | A2 + TL2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | |
Regions | ||||||||||||||||
United States | −0.97 | −0.41 | −0.75 | −0.35 | −1.61 | −9.20 | −3.73 | −10.12 | −2.39 | −9.40 | −2.20 | −9.36 | −4.31 | −10.31 | −4.15 | −10.28 |
Canada | 2.19 | 0.66 | 4.25 | 1.76 | −2.02 | −10.04 | −0.05 | −8.53 | 0.14 | −9.53 | 2.08 | −8.78 | 2.13 | −7.99 | 4.11 | −7.21 |
Western Europe | −1.26 | 0.21 | −2.21 | −0.41 | 2.09 | 4.30 | 2.72 | 4.83 | 0.68 | 4.73 | −0.25 | 4.19 | 1.30 | 5.27 | 0.40 | 4.72 |
Japan and South Korea | −1.34 | −0.26 | −2.11 | 0.22 | 1.08 | 6.47 | 1.31 | 6.86 | −0.29 | 6.61 | −1.06 | 7.52 | −0.06 | 7.01 | −0.80 | 7.85 |
Australia and New Zealand | 2.03 | 1.48 | 2.20 | 1.49 | 7.16 | 6.95 | 10.76 | 9.49 | 8.13 | 8.40 | 8.35 | 8.41 | 11.18 | 10.90 | 11.43 | 10.93 |
Eastern Europe | −0.24 | −0.14 | −0.49 | −0.24 | 1.41 | 2.59 | 1.38 | 2.29 | 1.11 | 2.49 | 0.86 | 2.43 | 1.08 | 2.18 | 0.83 | 2.12 |
Former Soviet Union | −0.20 | −0.15 | −0.23 | −0.18 | −4.19 | −21.28 | −4.95 | −20.42 | −4.05 | −21.30 | −4.10 | −21.28 | −4.77 | −20.41 | −4.82 | −20.39 |
Middle East | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.68 | 0.08 | −1.83 | −23.24 | −3.62 | −16.81 | −1.12 | −23.23 | −1.18 | −23.22 | −2.91 | −16.76 | −2.97 | −16.75 |
Central America | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.02 | −0.19 | 0.42 | −1.70 | −0.75 | −2.70 | 0.33 | −1.81 | 0.38 | −1.89 | −0.83 | −2.80 | −0.80 | −2.88 |
South America | 0.72 | 0.21 | 0.95 | 0.16 | −0.12 | −1.77 | 0.19 | −1.81 | 0.54 | −1.65 | 0.73 | −1.76 | 0.83 | −1.70 | 1.03 | −1.80 |
South Asia | −0.61 | −0.73 | −0.72 | −0.76 | −1.87 | −3.16 | −0.92 | −2.17 | −2.39 | −3.89 | −2.50 | −3.84 | −1.49 | −2.97 | −1.59 | −2.93 |
Southeast Asia | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.04 | −5.48 | −11.63 | −6.41 | −12.28 | −5.38 | −11.74 | −5.35 | −11.68 | −6.31 | −12.40 | −6.28 | −12.34 |
China | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.59 | 0.37 | 1.86 | 11.18 | 1.77 | 9.04 | 2.27 | 11.54 | 2.47 | 11.88 | 2.16 | 9.36 | 2.36 | 9.68 |
North Africa | −0.07 | 0.12 | −0.68 | −0.17 | −0.29 | −8.90 | −0.42 | −13.73 | −0.41 | −8.91 | −0.98 | −9.00 | −0.54 | −13.73 | −1.10 | −13.81 |
Sub−Saharan Africa | 0.20 | −0.29 | 0.25 | −0.39 | 0.79 | 3.54 | 1.29 | 3.69 | 0.95 | 3.24 | 1.02 | 3.13 | 1.44 | 3.39 | 1.52 | 3.28 |
Rest of the World | 1.11 | 0.91 | 1.10 | 0.93 | −1.41 | −3.58 | −1.09 | −3.64 | −0.41 | −2.82 | −0.42 | −2.79 | −0.07 | −2.89 | −0.08 | −2.86 |
Total | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.08 | −0.45 | −2.28 | −0.53 | −2.38 | −0.44 | −2.31 | −0.44 | −2.29 | −0.53 | −2.43 | −0.52 | −2.42 |
Crops | ||||||||||||||||
Rice | −0.19 | −0.50 | −0.12 | −0.49 | −1.27 | −4.09 | −1.28 | −4.17 | −1.44 | −4.53 | −1.37 | −4.50 | −1.45 | −4.60 | −1.38 | −4.57 |
Wheat | 0.15 | −0.16 | 0.26 | −0.23 | −0.47 | −4.97 | −0.60 | −3.72 | −0.39 | −5.39 | −0.29 | −5.38 | −0.57 | −4.24 | −0.45 | −4.21 |
Cereal grains | 0.01 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.29 | −3.32 | −0.64 | −3.41 | −0.28 | −3.23 | −0.31 | −3.24 | −0.63 | −3.34 | −0.65 | −3.34 |
Vegetables, fruits, nuts | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.03 | −0.42 | −1.36 | −0.36 | −1.41 | −0.34 | −1.28 | −0.31 | −1.23 | −0.27 | −1.35 | −0.25 | −1.29 |
Oil seeds | −0.98 | −1.79 | −1.15 | −2.19 | −0.57 | −3.71 | −1.29 | −4.28 | −1.40 | −4.89 | −1.60 | −5.36 | −2.01 | −5.41 | −2.23 | −5.87 |
Sugar cane, sugar beet | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.54 | −3.37 | −0.55 | −3.31 | −0.60 | −3.43 | −0.64 | −3.48 | −0.60 | −3.37 | −0.65 | −3.42 |
Other agricultural products | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.12 | −0.24 | 1.19 | −0.36 | 0.10 | −0.15 | 1.35 | −0.10 | 1.52 | −0.28 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.38 |
Total | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.08 | −0.45 | −2.28 | −0.53 | −2.38 | −0.44 | −2.31 | −0.44 | −2.29 | −0.53 | −2.43 | −0.52 | −2.42 |
Description | TL1 | TL2 | A1B | A2 | A1B + TL1 | A1B + TL2 | A2 + TL1 | A2 + TL2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | 2020 | 2050 | |
Regions | ||||||||||||||||
United States | −2.24 | −1.57 | −1.98 | −1.53 | −2.65 | −11.69 | −5.82 | −12.62 | −4.60 | −12.69 | −4.38 | −12.69 | −7.53 | −13.61 | −7.34 | −13.61 |
Canada | 2.13 | 0.52 | 3.95 | 1.33 | −2.27 | −9.70 | −0.23 | −8.25 | −0.19 | −9.31 | 1.51 | −8.75 | 1.85 | −7.84 | 3.60 | −7.25 |
Western Europe | −1.80 | −0.21 | −2.98 | −1.04 | 2.60 | 4.83 | 3.32 | 5.53 | 0.47 | 4.80 | −0.69 | 4.08 | 1.17 | 5.49 | 0.05 | 4.76 |
Japan and South Korea | −3.88 | −1.93 | −7.60 | −3.99 | 1.35 | 6.69 | 1.76 | 7.28 | −2.72 | 4.56 | −6.42 | 2.45 | −2.31 | 5.11 | −6.05 | 3.07 |
Australia and New Zealand | 1.36 | 0.86 | 1.61 | 0.90 | 11.76 | 11.86 | 16.85 | 15.46 | 11.32 | 12.73 | 11.65 | 12.78 | 15.49 | 16.23 | 15.85 | 16.30 |
Eastern Europe | −0.13 | −0.07 | −0.37 | −0.22 | 1.22 | 2.69 | 1.30 | 2.17 | 1.00 | 2.65 | 0.77 | 2.56 | 1.08 | 2.13 | 0.86 | 2.04 |
Former Soviet Union | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.08 | −0.12 | −6.21 | −23.52 | −7.21 | −22.55 | −5.89 | −23.49 | −5.88 | −23.47 | −6.83 | −22.47 | −6.83 | −22.45 |
Middle East | 1.86 | 0.84 | 2.02 | 0.80 | −3.94 | −26.50 | −8.81 | −19.74 | −2.17 | −25.90 | −2.01 | −25.87 | −7.03 | −19.05 | −6.89 | −19.01 |
Central America | −0.81 | −0.76 | −1.55 | −1.46 | 0.81 | −2.20 | −1.96 | −3.93 | −0.01 | −2.92 | −0.76 | −3.60 | −2.74 | −4.63 | −3.46 | −5.29 |
South America | 2.46 | 1.08 | 2.99 | 1.27 | −0.13 | −0.65 | 0.57 | −0.67 | 2.20 | 0.21 | 2.70 | 0.33 | 2.87 | 0.19 | 3.38 | 0.31 |
South Asia | −0.35 | −0.53 | −0.33 | −0.47 | −3.26 | −3.46 | −1.88 | −2.49 | −3.51 | −4.07 | −3.48 | −3.93 | −2.20 | −3.19 | −2.17 | −3.06 |
Southeast Asia | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.21 | −0.08 | −5.33 | −12.42 | −6.23 | −13.13 | −5.01 | −12.36 | −5.07 | −12.46 | −5.90 | −13.07 | −5.96 | −13.15 |
China | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.29 | −0.05 | 2.00 | 12.16 | 1.75 | 9.46 | 2.27 | 12.27 | 2.29 | 12.31 | 2.00 | 9.55 | 2.01 | 9.57 |
North Africa | 0.14 | 0.10 | −0.48 | −0.09 | −2.85 | −8.76 | −2.41 | −10.89 | −2.78 | −8.89 | −3.39 | −8.93 | −2.35 | −10.78 | −2.94 | −10.81 |
Sub−Saharan Africa | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.45 | −0.05 | 0.87 | 3.26 | 1.48 | 3.60 | 1.27 | 3.23 | 1.28 | 3.15 | 1.85 | 3.57 | 1.87 | 3.50 |
Rest of the World | 0.75 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.59 | −3.03 | −5.09 | −2.55 | −5.78 | −2.35 | −4.61 | −2.39 | −4.59 | −1.88 | −5.30 | −1.92 | −5.29 |
Total | 0.11 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.16 | −1.27 | −2.19 | −1.33 | −2.31 | −1.15 | −2.31 | −1.13 | −2.31 | −1.22 | −2.45 | −1.20 | −2.45 |
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Calzadilla, A.; Rehdanz, K.; Tol, R.S.J. Trade Liberalization and Climate Change: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of the Impacts on Global Agriculture. Water 2011, 3, 526-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020526
Calzadilla A, Rehdanz K, Tol RSJ. Trade Liberalization and Climate Change: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of the Impacts on Global Agriculture. Water. 2011; 3(2):526-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020526
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalzadilla, Alvaro, Katrin Rehdanz, and Richard S.J. Tol. 2011. "Trade Liberalization and Climate Change: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of the Impacts on Global Agriculture" Water 3, no. 2: 526-550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020526