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Volume 18
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10.3390/w18030296
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Synergistic Coupling of In Situ Oxygenation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Novel Lime-Based Composite for Water Quality Management in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds

by
Muhammad Irfan Afif
1,2,
Hanifah Widi Astuti
1,
Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi
1,*,
Bambang Widigdo
1,
Mohammad Khotib
2,3,
Nia Rosiana
4 and
Muhammad Faisal
5
1
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
2
Integrated Laboratory and Advanced Research, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
4
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics and Management, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
5
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2026, 18(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030296
Submission received: 13 December 2025 / Revised: 20 January 2026 / Accepted: 21 January 2026 / Published: 23 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Oxidation Processes: Applications and Prospects, 2nd Volume)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Effective management of water quality is critical for Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture, yet it remains a significant technological hurdle for traditional farmers facing benthic anaerobiosis and toxic metabolite accumulation. This study introduces a novel approach by synergistically integrating calcium peroxide (CaO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and peracetic acid (PAA) encapsulated within Fe–alginate granules. Unlike conventional methods that treat oxygen depletion and toxicity separately, this composite is designed to simultaneously facilitate in situ oxygenation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) directly at the sediment–water interface. The physicochemical properties and radical generation mechanisms of the synthesized composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and ESR. In laboratory simulations of pond conditions, the synergistic efficacy of these composites was evaluated against critical parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, and sulfide. Experimental results revealed that the application of 5 mg/L CP-T-PAA product to the sediment with an AOP system exhibited superior performance, generating the highest intensity of hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (•O2−) radicals. This optimized treatment effectively maintained DO levels above ~2 mg/L at the sediment–water interface for 21 days (3 weeks) and achieved removal efficiencies of 94% for ammonia, 89% for sulfide, and 93% for turbidity. Multi-criteria decision analysis (TOPSIS) validated this formulation as the ideal solution. Consequently, this novel composite presents a sustainable, user-friendly strategy for enhancing environmental stability in traditional shrimp farming.
Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei; advanced oxidation processes; in situ oxygenation; Fe–alginate encapsulation; water quality management Litopenaeus vannamei; advanced oxidation processes; in situ oxygenation; Fe–alginate encapsulation; water quality management

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MDPI and ACS Style

Afif, M.I.; Astuti, H.W.; Pratiwi, N.T.M.; Widigdo, B.; Khotib, M.; Rosiana, N.; Faisal, M. Synergistic Coupling of In Situ Oxygenation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Novel Lime-Based Composite for Water Quality Management in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds. Water 2026, 18, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030296

AMA Style

Afif MI, Astuti HW, Pratiwi NTM, Widigdo B, Khotib M, Rosiana N, Faisal M. Synergistic Coupling of In Situ Oxygenation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Novel Lime-Based Composite for Water Quality Management in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds. Water. 2026; 18(3):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030296

Chicago/Turabian Style

Afif, Muhammad Irfan, Hanifah Widi Astuti, Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi, Bambang Widigdo, Mohammad Khotib, Nia Rosiana, and Muhammad Faisal. 2026. "Synergistic Coupling of In Situ Oxygenation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Novel Lime-Based Composite for Water Quality Management in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds" Water 18, no. 3: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030296

APA Style

Afif, M. I., Astuti, H. W., Pratiwi, N. T. M., Widigdo, B., Khotib, M., Rosiana, N., & Faisal, M. (2026). Synergistic Coupling of In Situ Oxygenation and Advanced Oxidation Processes Using a Novel Lime-Based Composite for Water Quality Management in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds. Water, 18(3), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030296

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