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Water
Volume 18
Issue 2
10.3390/w18020290
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Review

Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Mechanisms of Bentonite–Sawdust-Derived Carbon Composites

by
Rabiga M. Kudaibergenova
1,
Olzhas N. Nurlybayev
1,*,
Ivan Kazarinov
2,
Aisha N. Nurlybayeva
1,
Seitzhan A. Orynbayev
1,
Nazgul S. Murzakasymova
1,*,
Elvira A. Baibazarova
1 and
Arman A. Kabdushev
1
1
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Technology, M.Kh. Dulaty Taraz University, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Physical Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov 410000, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2026, 18(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020290
Submission received: 16 December 2025 / Revised: 15 January 2026 / Accepted: 17 January 2026 / Published: 22 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The escalating global water crisis necessitates the development of efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective remediation technologies. This review highlights bentonite–sawdust-derived carbon composites as a promising class of adsorbents for the removal of diverse water pollutants. The synthesis strategies, physicochemical properties, key interfacial adsorption mechanisms, and adsorption performance toward different pollutant categories are systematically discussed. These hybrid materials exhibit synergistically enhanced properties, including increased surface area, optimized porosity, abundant functional groups, tunable surface charge, and improved structural stability, often outperforming the individual components. Their effectiveness has been demonstrated for both heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb) and organic contaminants (e.g., dyes and pharmaceuticals), governed by a combination of ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, π–π interactions, and pore-filling mechanisms. Current challenges related to large-scale production, long-term stability, and regeneration are critically evaluated, and future research directions for the sustainable application of these composites in advanced water treatment systems are outlined.
Keywords: bentonite; sawdust-derived carbon; adsorption; heavy metals; dyes; pharmaceuticals; regeneration; water treatment bentonite; sawdust-derived carbon; adsorption; heavy metals; dyes; pharmaceuticals; regeneration; water treatment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kudaibergenova, R.M.; Nurlybayev, O.N.; Kazarinov, I.; Nurlybayeva, A.N.; Orynbayev, S.A.; Murzakasymova, N.S.; Baibazarova, E.A.; Kabdushev, A.A. Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Mechanisms of Bentonite–Sawdust-Derived Carbon Composites. Water 2026, 18, 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020290

AMA Style

Kudaibergenova RM, Nurlybayev ON, Kazarinov I, Nurlybayeva AN, Orynbayev SA, Murzakasymova NS, Baibazarova EA, Kabdushev AA. Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Mechanisms of Bentonite–Sawdust-Derived Carbon Composites. Water. 2026; 18(2):290. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020290

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kudaibergenova, Rabiga M., Olzhas N. Nurlybayev, Ivan Kazarinov, Aisha N. Nurlybayeva, Seitzhan A. Orynbayev, Nazgul S. Murzakasymova, Elvira A. Baibazarova, and Arman A. Kabdushev. 2026. "Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Mechanisms of Bentonite–Sawdust-Derived Carbon Composites" Water 18, no. 2: 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020290

APA Style

Kudaibergenova, R. M., Nurlybayev, O. N., Kazarinov, I., Nurlybayeva, A. N., Orynbayev, S. A., Murzakasymova, N. S., Baibazarova, E. A., & Kabdushev, A. A. (2026). Physicochemical Properties and Adsorption Mechanisms of Bentonite–Sawdust-Derived Carbon Composites. Water, 18(2), 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18020290

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