Study on the Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics in Estuaries and Coastal Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Collection and Calculation Methods
3. Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics
3.1. Shapes of Marine Microplastics
3.2. Material Compositions of Marine Microplastics
3.3. Mass Concentrations of Marine Microplastics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plastics Class | Products and Typical Origin |
---|---|
PP | Rope, bottle caps, and netting |
PS | Plastic utensils and food containers |
PA | Netting and traps |
PET | Plastic beverage bottles |
PVC | Plastic film, bottles, and cups |
Survey Area | Sampling Location | Mesh Type | Size Range | Material Composition | Number Concentration | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changjiang estuary | Surface | 32 µm steel | 0.5–5 mm | / | 4137.3 ± 2461.5 n/m3 | [9] | |
Donghai coast | Surface | 333 µm manta | 0.5–5 mm | / | 0.167 ± 0.138 n/m3 | [9] | |
Jiaojiang estuary | Subsurface | 333 µm manta | 0.333–5 mm | PP, PE, PVC | 955.6 ± 848.7 n/m3 | [10] | |
Oujiang estuary | Subsurface | 333 µm manta | 0.333–5 mm | PP, PE, PVC | 680.0 ± 284.6 n/m3 | [10] | |
Minjiang estuary | Subsurface | 333 µm manta | 0.333–5 mm | PP, PE, PVC | 1245.8 ± 531.5 n/m3 | [10] | |
Bohai Sea | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 0.02–5 mm | PP, PE, PET | 2000–4200 n/m3 | [32] | |
Yellow River estuary (wet season) | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–200 µm | PE, PP, PS | 654,000 n/m3 | [11] | |
Yellow River estuary (dry season) | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–200 µm | PET, PP | 930,200 n/m3 | [11] | |
Pearl River estuary | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–500 µm | PA | 8902 n/m3 | [12] | |
Haihe estuary | Surface | 48 µm steel | 48–5000 µm | PP, PE, PS, PVC | 1485.7 ± 819.9 n/m3 | [13] | |
Yonding River estuary | Surface | 48 µm steel | 48–5000 µm | PP, PE, PS, PVC | 788.0 ± 464.2 n/m3 | [13] | |
Tianjin coastal areas | Surface | 125 µm steel | 125–5000 µm | PP, PE, PET | 210–1170 n/m3 | [17] | |
Sanggou Bay | Surface | 30 µm steel | 30–5000 µm | PE, PS, PP, CE | 20,060 ± 4730 n/m3 | [33] | |
South China sea | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–300 µm | AK, PCL, PEA | 2569 ± 1770 n/m3 | [34] | |
Xiamen coastal areas | Surface | 330 µm manta | 330–5000 µm | PE, PP | 103–2017 n/m3 | [18] | |
Zhangjiang estuary | Surface | 300 µm manta | 330–5000 µm | PP, PE, PS | 50–725 n/m3 | [35] | |
East of Guangdong coast | Surface | 50 µm steel | / | / | 3000–19,000 n/m3 | [19] | |
Zhuhai coastal areas | Surface | 2.7 µm fiber | 1–5000 µm | PE, PP, PS | 16,610 ± 4280 n/m3 | [36] | |
Donghai coastal areas | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 µm | PP, PET, PES | 900 n/m3 | [37] | |
Eastern Indian Ocean | Surface | 330 µm manta | 0–5000 µm | PP, PE | 0.34 ± 0.80 n/m3 | [38] | |
South China Sea | Subsurface | 330 µm Plankton | 0–5810 µm | PET, PP, PE | 0.52 ± 0.42 n/m3 | [39] | |
Eastern Indian Ocean | Subsurface | 330 µm Plankton | 0–5660 µm | PET, PP, PE | 0.27 ± 0.19 n/m3 | [39] | |
South China Sea | Surface | 330 µm manta | 140–5080 µm | PP, PE | 0.61 ± 0.87 n/m3 | [22] | |
South China Sea | Column | 60 µm Filter | 70–4720 µm | PET, PP, PE, AR | 50 m | 1.00 ± 0.43 n/m3 | [22] |
200 m | 0.63 ± 0.25 n/m3 | ||||||
500 m | 0.30 n/m3 | ||||||
800 m | 0.30 n/m3 | ||||||
1000 m | 0.20 n/m3 | ||||||
Hong Kong | Surface | 153 µm Plankton | 30–4960 µm | PP, HDPE, LDPE | 0.51–279.09 n/m3 | [40] | |
Zhubi reef | Surface | 50 µm steel | 0–5000 µm | PP, PA, PS, PVC | 4933 ± 1369 n/m3 | [41] | |
Haikou Bay | Surface | 333 µm Neuston | 0–4900 µm | PE, Rayon | 0.44 ± 0.21 n/m3 | [42] | |
Nanxun reef | Surface | 48 µm steel | 0–5000 µm | PVC, PA, PE | 1733 n/m3 | [43] | |
Paracel Islands | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 µm | PET, PP | 54.7 n/m3 | [44] | |
Nansha Island remote coral reefs | Surface | 333 µm neuston | 209–4917 µm | PP, PE, PPC | 0.0556 ± 0.0355 n/m3 | [45] | |
Yellow Sea | Surface | 500 µm bongo nets | 350–44,990 µm | PE, PP | 0.13 ± 0.20 n/m3 | [46] | |
Danube | Surface | 500 µm mesh | <20 mm | / | 0.32 ± 4.67 n/m3 | [47] | |
Tamar estuary | Surface | 300 µm manta | Including more than 5 mm | PE, PS, PP | 0.03 n/m3 | [48] | |
Goiana estuary | Surface/bottom | 300 µm plankton | <5 mm | / | 0.26 n/m3 | [49] | |
Calvi Bay | Surface | 200 µm mesh | 0.2–10 mm | PS | 0.06 n/m3 | [50] | |
Israeli Mediterranean coast | Surface | 300 µm manta | 0.3–5 mm | / | 7.68 ± 2.38 n/m3 | [51] | |
Northwestern Mediterranean Sea | Surface | 333 µm manta | 0.3–5 mm | PS | 0.12 n/m2 | [52] | |
Jade system (Southern North Sea) | Surface | 40 µm steel | <5 mm | / | 64,000 ± 194,000 n/m3 | [53] | |
Queen Charlotte Sound | Subsurface | 62.5 µm copper | 398 ± 376 µm | / | 7630 ± 1410 n/m3 | [54] | |
Strait of Georgia | Subsurface | 62.5 µm copper | 513 ± 494 µm | / | 3210 ± 628 n/m3 | [54] | |
West coast of Vancouver Island | Subsurface | 62.5 µm copper | 558 ± 521 µm | / | 1710 ± 1110 n/m3 | [54] | |
Western English Channel | Surface | 200 µm plankton | <5 mm | PA, PP | 0.27 n/m3 | [55] | |
Western Sardinian coast | Surface | 500 µm manta | 0.5–5 mm | PS | 0.15 n/m3 | [56] | |
Ligurian Sea and Sardinian Sea | Surface | 200 µm mesh | <5 mm | / | 0–10 n/m3 | [57] | |
Portuguese coastal waters | / | 180 µm mesh | <5 mm | PE, PP | 0.002–0.036 n/m3 | [58] | |
Brest Bay | Surface | 335 µm manta | <5 mm | PE, PP, PS | 0.24 ± 0.35 n/m3 | [59] | |
South coast of Korea | Surface | 50 µm mesh | <50 µm | PS, PP, PE | 103,000 ± 59,000 n/m3 | [20] | |
50–100 µm | 69,000 ± 41,000 n/m3 | ||||||
100–200 µm | 23,000 ± 20,000 n/m3 | ||||||
200–500 µm | 11,000 ± 11,000 n/m3 | ||||||
500–1000 µm | 2900 ± 3400 n/m3 | ||||||
>1000 µm | 2100 ± 2900 n/m3 | ||||||
West coast of the North Atlantic | / | 333 µm manta | 0.333–5 mm | PS | 0.01–14.1 n/m3 | [60] | |
Northwest coast of Portugal | Subsurface | 30 µm mesh | 30–5000 µm | PE, PP | 651 ± 1660 n/m3 | [21] | |
Charleston harbor | Surface | 63 µm mesh | 63–5000 µm | PS, PA, PE | 6600 ± 1300 n/m3 | [61] | |
Wanyah Bay | Surface | 63 µm mesh | 63–5000 µm | PS, PA, PE | 30,800 ± 12,100 n/m3 | [61] | |
Bega estuary | Surface | 45 µm mesh | / | / | 80–906 n/m3 | [14] | |
Clyde estuary | Surface | 45 µm mesh | / | / | 23–198 n/m3 | [14] | |
Hunter estuary | 0–4 m | 37 µm mesh | / | / | 431–1892 n/m3 | [14] | |
Blanca estuary | Surface | / | / | PA, CE | 6500 ± 4010 n/m3 | [62] | |
Chao Phraya River estuary | Surface | 300 µm manta | / | PP, PE | 48 ± 8 n/m3 | [63] | |
Baram River | Surface | 300 µm steel | 300–5000 µm | PE, PET, PS | 9300–18,000 n/m3 | [15] | |
North coast of Indonesia Surabaya | Surface | 200 µm filter | 200–5000 µm | PS, PE, PP | 380–610 n/m3 | [64] | |
Tampa Bay | Surface | 1.2 µm fiber | / | / | 250–7000 n/m3 | [65] | |
Bandon Bay | Surface | 5 µm nylon | / | RN, PP, PE | 630 ± 130 n/m3 | [66] | |
Southeastern coastline of South Africa | Surface | 65 µm mesh | 65–5000 µm | PS | 257.9–1215 n/m3 | [67] | |
Rio De La Plata | Subsurface | 36 µm plankton | 36–5000 µm | PE, PP | 5–110 n/m3 | [68] | |
Chukchi Sea | Surface | 330 µm manta | >333 µm | PET, PP, PE | 0.23 ± 0.07 n/m3 | [69] | |
Northwest Pacific | Surface | 330 µm manta | >333 µm | PET, PP, PA | 0.030 ± 0.017 n/m3 | [69] | |
Bering Sea | Surface | 330 µm manta | >333 µm | PET, PP, PA | 0.091 ± 0.094 n/m3 | [69] | |
Maldives | Surface | 200 µm neuston | / | PE, PP | 0.26 n/m3 | [70] | |
Equatorial Atlantic | Surface | 300 µm plankton | 0–5000 µm | / | 0.01 n/m3 | [23] | |
Terengganu estuary | Surface | 200 µm mesh | / | PA, PE, PP | 1687 n/m3 | [16] | |
Offshore waters of Malaysia | Surface | 200 µm mesh | / | PA, PE, PP | 1900 n/m3 | [16] | |
Western tropical Atlantic Ocean | Surface | 300 µm manta | 0–5000 µm | / | 0.03 n/m3 | [71] | |
Southern Ocean | Surface | 350 µm neuston | 0–5500 µm | PE, PP, PS | 0.031 n/m3 | [24] | |
Coast of Cochin | Surface | 250 µm steel | 250–5000 µm | CE, PS, PE | 751.7 ± 452.21 n/m3 | [72] | |
Western Pacific | Surface | 330 µm manta | / | ER, PP, PESPMA | 0.06 ± 0.03 n/m3 | [25] | |
Chabahar Bay | Surface | 0.45 µm fiber | / | PE, PET, Nylon | 86,000–362,000 n/m3 | [73] | |
Sri Lanka | Surface | 380 µm neuston | 0–5000 µm | HDPEPP, PS | 17.45 ± 3.35 n/m3 | [74] | |
Wanquan River estuary | Surface | 335 µm steel | 335–5000 µm | APPs | 6573 ± 2569 n/m3 | [75] | |
Kattegat/Skagerrak | Surface | 10 µm–300 µm UFO | 10–300 µm | PLY, PP | 39 ± 23 n/m3 | [76] | |
Niantic Bay | - | 5 µm silver filter | >5 µm | PLY/PET | 180 ± 100 n/m3 | [77] | |
Indian Ocean | Surface | - | 0–5000 µm | PE | 0.01–372,000 n/m3 | [78] | |
Azhikkal estuary | Surface | Filter paper | 0–1000 µm | PS | 12,000–640,000 n/m3 | [79] | |
Da Nang, Vietnam | Surface | 0.45 µm filter paper | 0.45–50 µm | Nylon, PTFE | 111,000–304,000 n/m3 | [80] | |
Ennore to Kovalam | Surface | 150 µm plankton net | 150–2000 µm | PE, PP | 6–30 n/Location | [81] | |
Beibu Gulf | Surface | 300 µm plankton pump | 330–5000 µm | CE, PP, PE | 0.25 ± 0.05 n/m3 | [82] | |
Moheshkhali channel | Surface | 180 µm manta | 250–5000 µm | PP, PE | 0–0.1 n/m3 | [83] | |
Ganges River basin to the Meghna estuary | Surface | 0.45 µm filter paper | 0–5000 µm | LDPE, PS, PA | 55,260 ± 25,400 n/m3 | [84] | |
Karnataka | Surface | 300 µm steel | 300–5000 µm | LDPE, PES | 114 ± 68.93 n/m3 | [85] | |
Al Hoceima Bay | Surface | 335 µm manta | 150–5000 µm | PE, PP | 4.70 ± 4.50 n/m3 | [86] | |
Canary archipelago | Surface | 200 µm manta | 200–5000 µm | PE | 10 ± 31 n/m3 | [87] | |
Delaware Bay estuary | Surface | 80/153/20 µm plankton | 500–5000 µm | PE, PP | 0.34 ± 0.80 n/m3 | [88] | |
Zandvlei estuary (and its catchment) | Surface | 250 µm sieve | <5 mm | PE, PP | 2620 ± 410 n/m3 | [89] | |
Plymouth coast | Surface | 53 µm plankton | >53 µm | PP, Rayon | 0.26–0.68 n/m3 | [90] | |
Meghna estuary | Surface | 300 µm plankton | 0–5000 µm | PE, PS | 128.89 ± 67.94 n/m3 | [91] | |
Brazilian bay | Surface | 53 µm sieve | 50–5000 µm | - | 5180 n/m3 | [92] | |
Northeast Atlantic Ocean | Surface | 10/300 µm filters | 20–500 µm | PET | 500 ± 700 n/m3 | [93] | |
St. Lawrence estuary | Surface | 63/150/250/500/1000 µm sieves | 50–3200 µm | PET, regenerated cellulose, PE, | 120 ± 42 n/m3 | [94] | |
Potter Cove | Surface | 45 µm microfilter | 110–3630 µm | CM, PET | 390 ± 440 n/m3 | [95] | |
Galapagos | Surface | 200 µm plankton | >50 µm | PE, PP | 2.56 ± 0.78 n/m3 | [96] | |
Norwegian | Surface | 15 µm filter | <300 µm | CPE, PP, PEST | 189 n/m3 | [97] | |
Southern Weddell Sea off Antarctica | Surface | 10 µm filter | 11–500 µm | PP, PA | 43.5 ± 83.8 n/m3 | [98] |
Volume | Original shape | Assumed shape |
Fiber | Cylinder | |
Fragment | Cylinder | |
Film | Cylinder | |
Pellet | Sphere | |
Thickness | Frament | One-tenth of the statistical microplastic size |
Film | 5–100 µm [100], average thickness of 50 µm | |
Density | 850–1410 kg/m3 [99], average density of 1040 kg/m3 [7] |
Amount concentration | A |
Film thickness | H |
Ceiling and floor of microplastic size | Li |
Mesh size | D |
Proportion of microplastics with different shapes | P* |
Proportion of each microplastic size interval with the same shape | pi |
Survey Area | Location | Mesh Tape | Size Range (µm) | Proportion of Each Shape (%) | Mass Concentration (mg/L) | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fiber | Film | Pellet | Fragment | 0–5 mm | |||||
Changjiang estuary | Surface | 32 µm steel | 500–5000 | 79.10 | 9.10 | 11.80 | 0.00 | 26.808–287.886 | [9] |
Bohai Sea | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 24.55 | 6.579–59.398 | [32] |
Bohai Sea | 5–30 m | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 | 93.20 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 6.35 | 5.475–17.972 | [32] |
Yellow River estuary | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–5000 | 93.12 | 0.00 | 4.74 | 2.14 | 23.682–8252.771 | [11] |
Pearl River estuary | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–4000 | 9.00 | 43.00 | 48.00 | 0.00 | 109.288–349.84 | [12] |
Haihe estuary | Surface | 48 µm steel | 48–5000 | 54.46 | 6.77 | 10.09 | 28.67 | 62.11–154.818 | [13] |
Tianjin coastal areas | Surface | 125 µm steel | 125–5000 | 52.10 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 46.80 | 0.833–74.568 | [17] |
Sanggou Bay | Surface | 30 µm steel | 30–5000 | 29.56 | 21.84 | 48.60 | 0.00 | 59.165–514.501 | [33] |
Zhangjiang estuary | Surface | 300 µm manta | 330–5000 | 32.29 | 0.00 | 17.62 | 42.90 | 9.713–81.41 | [35] |
East of Guangdong coast | Surface | 50 µm steel | 50–2000 | 24.00 | 5.00 | 1.00 | 70.00 | 4.842–44.111 | [19] |
Zhuhai coastal areas | Surface | 2.7 µm fiber | 1–5000 | 53.01 | 3.73 | 5.94 | 37.32 | 27.089–3075.263 | [36] |
Donghai coastal areas | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 | 37.00 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 57.00 | 4.318–67.4 | [37] |
Eastern Indian Ocean | Surface | 330 µm manta | 0–5000 | 24.34 | 0.55 | 6.75 | 68.36 | 0.007–0.094 | [22] |
South China Sea | Surface | 330 µm manta | 140–5080 | 9.81 | 0.78 | 0 | 85.94 | 0.033–0.162 | [22] |
Zhubi Reef | Surface | 50 µm steel | 0–5000 | 44 | 2 | 48 | 6 | 14.894–1669.800 | [41] |
Haikou Bay | Surface | 333 µm nylon | 0–4900 | 88.22 | 2.16 | 0 | 3.83 | 0.005–0.009 | [42] |
Paracel Islands | Surface | 20 µm nylon | 20–5000 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.004–0.012 | [44] |
Survey Area | Location | Mesh Tape | Size Range (µm) | Proportion in Each Shape (%) | Mass Concentration (mg/L) | Reference | |||
Fiber | Film | Pellet | Fragment | <5 mm | |||||
Nansha Island remote coral reefs | Surface | 333 µm neuston | 209–4917 | 32.7 | 8.9 | 0 | 58.4 | 0.004–0.010 | [45] |
Queen Charlotte Sound | Subsurface | 62.5 µm copper | 62–5000 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 1.725–112.082 | [54] |
South coast of Korea | Surface | 50 µm mesh | 1–5000 | 2.10 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 95.00 | 23.254–2497.663 | [20] |
Northwest coast of Portugal | Subsurface | 30 µm mesh | 30–5000 | 39.00 | 39.00 | 0.00 | 22.00 | 8.985–55.573 | [21] |
Charleston harbor | Surface | 63 µm mesh | 63–5000 | 56.00 | 0.00 | 2.50 | 26.40 | 0.813–555.675 | [61] |
Baram River | Surface | 300 µm steel | 300–5000 | 21.51 | 11.38 | 0.71 | 66.41 | 748.298–1852.417 | [15] |
North coast of Indonesia Surabaya | Coastal | 200 µm filter | 200–5000 | 3.32 | 0.00 | 3.73 | 34.51 | 0.336–18.748 | [64] |
Bandon Bay | Surface | 5 µm nylon | 5–5000 | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.001–0.004 | [66] |
Rio De La Plata estuary | Subsurface | 36 µm plankton | 36–5000 | 55.05 | 21.60 | 1.39 | 21.95 | 0.717–1.742 | [68] |
Equatorial Atlantic | Surface | 300 µm plankton | 0–5000 | 22.54 | 0 | 0 | 70.42 | 0.00004–0.003 | [23] |
Coast of Cochin | Surface | 250 µm steel | 250–5000 | 53.77 | 30.53 | 0.00 | 8.79 | 1.518–25.101 | [72] |
Sri Lanka | Surface | 380 µm neuston | 0–5000 | 99.5 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.149–0.349 | [74] |
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Zhang, J.; Li, Z.; Liang, J.; Liu, G.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, Q. Study on the Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics in Estuaries and Coastal Areas. Water 2025, 17, 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081136
Zhang J, Li Z, Liang J, Liu G, Luo Y, Zhang Q. Study on the Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics in Estuaries and Coastal Areas. Water. 2025; 17(8):1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081136
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jinfeng, Zhengqi Li, Jiaxiong Liang, Guangwei Liu, Yongming Luo, and Qinghe Zhang. 2025. "Study on the Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics in Estuaries and Coastal Areas" Water 17, no. 8: 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081136
APA StyleZhang, J., Li, Z., Liang, J., Liu, G., Luo, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2025). Study on the Mass Concentration Distributions of Marine Microplastics in Estuaries and Coastal Areas. Water, 17(8), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081136