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Article

Contrasting Fauna in Two Neighboring Territories of the African Horn: A Case of the Genus Moina Baird, 1850 (Cladocera: Moinidae)

by
Dmitry D. Pereboev
1,
Anna N. Neretina
1,
Petr G. Garibian
1,
Boris D. Efeykin
1,
Idriss Okiye Waais
2 and
Alexey A. Kotov
1,*
1
A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
2
University of Djibouti, Street Djanaleh, Djibouti City B.P. 1904, Djibouti
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(22), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223312
Submission received: 15 October 2025 / Revised: 13 November 2025 / Accepted: 17 November 2025 / Published: 19 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Taxonomy and Ecology of Zooplankton)
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Abstract

Representatives of the family Moinidae (Crustacea: Cladocera) are well-adapted to life in temporary waters. Different species are characteristic of the Arid Belt of Eurasia. We aimed to compare the moinid species composition and genetic diversity found in Djibouti (with extreme and uniform environments) with neighboring Ethiopia (a relatively large country with diverse environmental conditions). Any cladocerans were found in only four localities in Djibouti from Ecoregion 527 (Western Red Sea Drainages) according to Abell et al. (2008). The moinids belonged to two taxa: M. cf. micrura and M. heilongjiangensis. In Ethiopia, moinids were found in 28 water bodies from four other Ecoregions (522, 525, 526 and 528). They belonged to M. micrura and M. belli. A genetic study based on full mitogenomes, sequences of the mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 loci demonstrated that M. micrura from Djibouti and Ethiopia belong to distant lineages. Our genetic analysis revealed a very contrasting moinid fauna in two neighboring countries of the African Horn: there was no single haplotype, clade or even species sharing these territories. We have revealed unexpectedly small genetic distances between Chinese (type locality) and Djiboutian populations of M. heilongjiangensis; the question of the invasive status of the latter could therefore be raised. Moreover, the status of M. micrura populations from the Rift Valley also needs to be checked; they could be non-indigenous, as they belong to “European” M. micrura s. str. Finally, we have demonstrated that M. cf. micrura is not a monophyletic clade.

1. Introduction

Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) represent a model for recent studies on genetics, evolutionary biology, population ecology, etc. Representatives of the family Moinidae Goulden, 1968 are found on all continents except the Antarctic. Moinids are fully absent [1,2] or rare [3] only in Subarctic and Subantarctic regions. This family has been known since the Mesozoic era [4]. According to traditional taxonomy, the family contains only three genera: Moina Baird, 1850, which includes more than 20 valid taxa, Moinodaphnia Herrick, 1887, with a single species with circumtropical distribution [1,5,6] and Micromoina Dumont, Rietzler et Kalapothakis, 2013, with a single species from flooded tree-holes in Brazilian forests [7]. However, most named moinid taxa are now considered to be groups of sibling species, with the categorization requiring a revision [6].
Moinids have a specific mode of life. Only a minority of moinids (Moinodaphnia and several species of the genus Moina) inhabit permanent ponds and sub-littoral (and even pelagic zone) large lakes, mainly in the tropics [1,5]. In contrast, the majority of taxa are well-adapted to life in ephemeral waters [1,8].
Different species are characteristic of the Arid Belt of Eurasia and other arid territories, like the Arabian Peninsula [9], the adjoining portion of NE Africa [10] and the closest islands, like Sokotra [11]. The latter territories are characterized by extreme desert and semi-desert conditions with a strong water deficit. Such environments are hard for any animal life. As a result, the number of taxa is small in such regions relative to neighboring countries with a milder and diverse climate, like Ethiopia [12,13,14,15,16]. Few water flea species are known from territories such as Yemen [17], including Sokotra [11], or the United Arab Emirates [9]. Cladoceran diversity is notably higher in Eastern and Southern Mediterranean countries in the North, even those with most territories covered by deserts, but with a small proportion of territory with a mild climate due to the Mediterranean Sea influence, such as Algeria [18], Sudan [19,20], Egypt [21] or Israel [22].
We had an opportunity to study a series of samples from Djibouti and to compare the moinid species composition and genetic diversity of Djibouti with neighboring Ethiopia. The former is a small country near the Red Sea with really extreme environmental conditions and with few fresh/brackish water bodies available for cladoceran life. The latter is a relatively large country with diverse environmental conditions, from tropical lowlands to high mountains and semideserts.
Obviously, the distribution of organisms is shaped by their ecological needs and geographical conditions rather than by political boundaries determined by humans. However, when we study the faunas of poorly investigated territories (such as Africa), we have to speak about the countries as minimal units of faunistic (and even phylogenetic) studies, following an uncountable number of previous publications by different authors [9,10,17,18,19,22]. Analysis of real biogeographic units is the next step, and we can only start one following the Ecoregion subdivision by Abell et al. [23].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sampling and Morphological Analysis

Samples from 13 water bodies of Djibouti (Figure 1; Supplementary Table S1) were collected in November of 2024 using a small plankton net with mesh size ca. 0.05 mm, and were fixed in 96% ethanol and then refrigerated until examination in the laboratory. All localities belonged to the Ecoregion 527 (Western Red Sea Drainages), according to Abell et al. [23]. Note that we sampled virtually all (or almost all) the freshwater bodies existing at the time of our car trip (as the trip covered most of the accessible territory of this small country, with its surface area of ca. 180 × 230 km). Samples were examined in the laboratory, and specimens were provisionally identified based on their morphological characters using existing keys [1,5,6,24]. A few specimens were investigated under a scanning electron microscope, as previously described in detail by Neretina [16].
Our analysis of Ethiopian moinids was based on the PhD Thesis of Neretina [16], who studied 827 samples from 300 water bodies of Ethiopia collected during several trips organized by the long-term program of the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition (JERBE) in 1987–2017 (Figure 1; Supplementary Table S1). They belonged to four Ecoregions according to Abell et al. [23]: 522 (Upper Nile), 525 (Ethiopian Highlands), 526 (Lake Tana) and 528 (Northern Eastern Rift). Four populations of M. micrura and a single population of M. belli were barcoded there (see below). Unfortunately, some other samples were fixed in formaldehyde, or were not fixed properly, or were too old, and DNA was not successfully extracted from them. A single population from South Africa (type locality of M. belli) was added to this dataset.

2.2. Genetic Analysis

Six individual parthenogenetic females of Moina spp. from three localities in Djibouti (two specimens per water body) were subjected to short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS). DNA was isolated using the QiAmp Micro Kit (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) according to the manufacturer’s protocol into 50 μL of eluent solution. Finally, four samples were analyzed, while two others did not demonstrate adequate DNA quality for WGS. Library preparation and whole genome sequencing (“Animal & Plant WGRS” on the DNBSEQ Platform, at least 30 million paired reads of 150 bp) were performed by BGI Genomics Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China).
Raw reads were filtered by fastp 0.23.4 [25], then assembled with GetOrganelle v1.7.7.1 [26,27,28,29], and annotated with Mitoz v3.6 [30,31,32,33,34]. Manual correction of the annotated mitogenomes was performed as described in Pereboev et al. [35]. Gene map visualization was created using the Proksee web service [36].
For mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis, original data (four sequences, Table 1) were accompanied by mitogenomes of Moina (seven sequences) and two sequences of Daphniidae (as an outgroup) from NCBI GenBank. Thus, we analyzed a dataset of 13 mitogenomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) and rRNA genes were used for the full nucleotide dataset, and the conservative nucleotide dataset was constructed by removing third codon positions from PCGs. Non-coding regions and tRNA genes were excluded from the analyses. Individual genes were aligned using MAFFT v7.525 [37], with the L-INS-i algorithm, and gap regions were removed using trimAl v1.4.rev15 [38] with the -automated1 option. We used IQ-TREE 2.2.6 [39] with automatic model selection [40] and the greedy strategy of automatic partitioning [41] to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. The final mitogenome datasets were composed of 13 taxa, 4 partitions with 13,134 total sites (5142 parsimony-informative, 1632 singleton and 6358 constant) in the full one, and six partitions with 9480 total sites (2498 parsimony-informative, 1077 singleton and 5962 constant) in the conservative one. The trees were rooted with Daphniidae as an outgroup.
Folmer fragments extracted from the mitogenomes of Moina were combined with the data in Bi et al. [24], the sequence of Moina cf. micrura ON496457 [9] and six original sequences of African Moina (five Ethiopian ones and a sole South African one), obtained as described in detail by Bekker et al. [42]. All these COI sequences were aligned using MAFFT v7.525 with the L-INS-i algorithm, and phylogeny was reconstructed by IQ-TREE 2.2.6. based on the alignment of 140 sequences with 711 nucleotide sites (274 parsimony-informative, 27 singleton and 410 constant). The tree was rooted at midpoint. Since any reliable outgroup would be too distantly related and therefore could have impacted inference, we refrained from adding one. Because of our focus on the level of species and species complexes, this seemed acceptable and reasonable, although in-depth phylogeny of the genus can be unreliable. The full list of sequences used in the mitochondrial analyses is presented in Supplementary Table S3.
Full-genome raw reads were assembled with the MaSuRCA package [43], and local blastn was used to extract ITS1 sequences from them. Extracted sequences were combined with data from Bi et al. [24], and all of them were aligned using MAFFT v7.525 with the E-INS-i algorithm, and phylogeny was reconstructed by IQ-TREE 2.2.6. based on the alignment of 38 sequences with 878 nucleotide sites (340 parsimony-informative, 66 singleton and 472 constant). The tree was rooted at midpoint.
Species delimitation was performed on the COI and ITS1 alignments by ASAP [44] using Kimura 2-parameter distance, and the best-ranking ones were chosen.
To conduct the Bayesian analyses, we used the MrBayes package (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001) [45] with GTR + I + G4 model and 120 mln generations; the first 25% of samples from the cold chain were discarded as a burn-in. The ML trees were annotated with the Bayesian posterior probabilities using SumTrees v5.0.1 from the DendroPy package [46].
UGENE v.52.0 [47] and custom scripts, mostly based on the Biopython library [48], were used to facilitate the work.

3. Results

3.1. Faunistic and Taxonomic Account

Djibouti. Any cladocerans were found in four samples; all these samples contained moinids (Supplementary Table S1). Two moinid taxa were identified based on morphological characteristics: M. cf. micrura Kurz, 1875 (samples 1, 9, 10) and M. heilongjiangensis Bi et al., 2025 (sample 11).
Moina cf. micrura (Figure 2) is a small-sized species for the genus. The length of the adult parthenogenetic female is up to 0.75 mm, body rounded. Parthenogenetic female is with the body shape typical of the genus. Surface of head is without hairs. Head without rostrum, but with prominent supraocular depression. The ocellus is absent. On the inner side of the valve, setulae are located posteriorly to ventral-most setae grouped. Preanal margin of postabdomen is covered by rows of short setulae. Distalmost tooth is on postabdomen bident. Base of postabdominal claw is with a pecten containing denticles of subequal size. Antenna I is elongated. Antenna II and thoracic limbs as for the genus. Anterior stiff setae 1 and 2 of thoracic limb I are armed by fine densely located short setulae. Ephippial females bear a brownish ephippium with a single egg. In its central portion, ephippium is covered by rounded swollen hillocks. Posterior, ventral and anterior portions of ephippium are with flat rectangular cells, its dorsal plate with wrinkles. Males are typical for the M. micrura species group.
Moina heilongjiangensis (Figure 3) is a large-sized species for the genus. The length of the adult parthenogenetic female is up to 1.15 mm, body elongated. Parthenogenetic female is with body shape typical of the genus. Surface of head is with fine hairs. Head is without rostrum and without prominent supraocular depression. The ocellus is absent. On inner side of valve, setulae are located posteriorly to ventralmost setae grouped. Preanal margin of postabdomen is covered by rows of relatively long hairs. Distalmost tooth on postabdomen is bident. Base of postabdominal claw is with a pecten containing denticles of subequal size. Antenna I is relatively thick. Antenna II and thoracic limbs are as for the genus. Anterior stiff setae 1 and 2 of thoracic limb I are armed by fine densely located short setules. Ephippial females and males were not found.
Two more cladoceran species were found in the same samples, namely Ceriodaphnia cf. cornuta Sars, 1885 and Macrothrix cf. spinosa King, 1853 (Supplementary Table S1).
Ethiopia. Representatives of Moina were found in 304 samples from 28 water bodies (as some large lakes, primarily Lake Tana, were sampled in different portions, in different years and seasons) (Supplementary Table S1). All the specimens were identified morphologically, and only two morphospecies were detected: M. micrura (26 water bodies) and M. belli Gurney, 1904 (two water bodies). Their morphological characteristics correspond well to those in previously published descriptions [49,50], e.g., those based on Ethiopian populations [51].

3.2. Genetic Account

Four samples from Djibouti were successfully sequenced (Table 1). All the expected genes (13 PCGs, 2 rRNA, 22, tRNA) were recovered in mitochondrial genomes (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The gene order was the same across all samples, and the mitogenome length varied from 15,758 to 15,964; the GC content was ca. 29%. Isolates K115, K116 and K119 appeared to be very closely related. For example, K115 and K116 differed by only two mutations; K115 and K119 differed by a deletion of four bases in the control region, and 20 substitutions.
Our mitogenomic phylogeny (Figure 5) was based on a very limited number of the mitogenomes available. Three originally sequenced mitogenomes of M. cf. micrura are very closely related (exemplified by isolate K115), and are placed in a sister position to the M. brachiata clade (sequences LS991521.1, NW786953.1 and MW786953.1) with high support. The K120 isolate (Moina heilongjiangensis) is a sister taxon to M. macrocopa. Additionally, Moina heilongjiangensis + M. macrocopa is a sister clade to M. cf. micrura from China (MW786955.1), but with relatively low support. In any case, the M. micrura complex seems to be paraphyletic.
We do not describe deep phylogeny based on the COI fragment, as it usually has a low resolution; our aim is rather to determine the position of our original sequences. Relevant results are presented in Figure 6, and the full tree is available in Supplementary Figure S1. The first portion of Ethiopian sequences (from large lakes located higher than 1100 m.a.s.l.; Ecoregions 525 (Ethiopian Highlands), 526 (Lake Tana), and 528 (Northern Eastern Rift)) seem to belong to Moina micrura s. str, as they are placed in the same clade and delineated as a species, with sequences from Kazakhstan, Spain and Czechia (terra typica [50]), (KX168580.1, MH708057.1 and MH708065.1). A single sequence from Ethiopian tropical lowlands, c.a. 500 m.a.s.l. (AAK M-1511) from the Ecoregion 522 (Upper Nile) belongs to the same clade as sequences from Nigeria (MZ505634.1 and MZ MZ505637.1).
In contrast, M. cf. micrura from Djibouti (isolates K115 and K119) is conspecific with an Arabian isolate of Moina cf. micrura (ON496457).
The Moina belli sequence from Ethiopia makes a single highly supported cluster with the sequence of the same taxon from South Africa. M. heilongjiangensis from Djibouti and China also makes a single well-supported cluster. It is presumably a congener of M. belli, but support of this grouping is very low.
The ITS1 phylogeny (Figure 7) is consistent with previously described ones. Both extracted alleles from the sample K120 belong to Moina heilongjiangensis; note that sequences from Djibouti and China are mixed together in the tree. Moreover, a single Chinese sequence (PV708583.1) represents a sister group (although with a moderate support) with sequences from Djibouti and then grouped with other Chinese haplotypes. Sequences of Moina cf. micrura from Djibouti do not form a monophyletic clade by themselves, but they group together with sequences from China (MK394791.1 and MK394792.1) and Nigeria (five sequences with the numbers starting from MZ).

4. Discussion

Only four cladoceran taxa (including two moinids) were found during our field trip in Djibouti. This is a good number when considering that sampling in desert areas usually leads to few cladoceran species records [9,52,53,54,55]. In contrast, only two species being found in Ethiopia is a somewhat unexpected number for four Ecoregions, although it is known that most populations of Moina from the Old World tropics and subtropics belong to M. cf. micrura [56], while others are rare. Obviously, the M. micrura complex consists of several species; this has been demonstrated by several genetic studies [9,24,42,50]. The micrura-like populations are widely distributed in lower altitudes of Palaeo- and Neotropics and, probably, in toto have a wide range of ecological preferences. At the same time, ecological preferences of separate lineages (potential biological species) are mostly unknown. To date, data on “preferences” of a chimeric “M. cf. micrura” are dubious.
The aim of this communication is to discuss the taxa and phylogroups found in two countries only. Due to this, we do not discuss (or mark) clades other than M. cf. micrura, M. belli and M. heilongjiangensis. Ethiopian sequences of M. cf. micrura belong to two large clades, “14” by Kotov et al. [9] or “J” by Bi et al. [24], and “13” by Kotov et al. [9] and “b” by Bi et al. [24]. In contrast, Djiboutian sequences belong to a separate Arabian clade by Kotov et al. [9] not represented in the tree of Bi et al. [24]. Therefore, the latter clade is known to date only in two very arid territories—Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates.
After our study, we will have the chance to discuss the ecological preferences of at least one of the micrura-like lineages, and potentially biological species. We believe that we have revealed a lineage adapted to very extreme life under dry conditions. Probably, this is endemic to the African Horn and Arabian Peninsula, although the neighboring regions need to be re-studied based on factors such as genetic analysis. However, our provisional morphological comparison of the specimens from different clades did not reveal morphological differences between parthenogenetic females, while gamogenetic specimens were found only in a single population of M. cf. micrura. Unfortunately, a situation in which parthenogenetic females are almost indistinguishable in the closest congener taxa is usual among the cladocerans [35]. Such differences could be found among the males, but their description is a task for future study based on more ample material or laboratory cultures, where their appearance could be artificially induced [57].
Note that Ceriodaphnia cf. cornuta and Macrothrix cf. spinosa, the only two other taxa found in Djibouti, have also been detected previously in a relatively closed desert region, e.g., the UAE [9,58]. Therefore, they are characteristic of arid regions, although they are also present in the real tropics of similar latitudes, like the lowlands of Ethiopia [16]. Each of these taxa represents a complex of morphologically similar species forming divergent genetic lineages [59]. Unfortunately, our attempts to extract DNA from the specimens collected in Djibouti were unsuccessful. Probably, the DNA was damaged during the short period of time after sample fixation and their placement in a refrigerator, or the specimens may even have already been dead at the time of their fixation.
Our genetic analysis revealed a very different moinid fauna in two neighboring territories of the African Horn: in reality, there is no single haplotype, clade or even species sharing these two territories. Species and phylogroups found in Ethiopia are shared with those from Nigeria (M. cf. micrura) and South Africa (M. belli), in contrast to the closer Djibouti. Moreover, different Ecoregions sensu Abell et al. [23] contain different lineages of the micrura-complex.
The phylogroup of M. cf. micrura found in Djibouti is the same as in the United Arab Emirates. Our data fit the ideas that the desert cladoceran fauna is represented by isolated lineages with an old (definitively pre-Pleistocene) differentiation time [9] and have kept refugial biotopes [60,61] as both phylogenetic and geographical endemics sensu Grandcolas et al. [62].
Since our aim was to identify relationships at the species level, and we did not have reliable multilocus data to infer the closest outgroup, while a poor choice of outgroup can skew phylogenetic analysis, we chose midpoint rooting instead of the outgroup-based one for our single-gene trees. Therefore, such trees are of little value for inferring in-depth phylogeny. However, in the previously represented trees, sequences of M. cf. micrura did not form a monophyletic group (as in previously published trees by Bekker et al. [42], Kotov et al. [9] and Bi et al. [24]). In contrast to previous trees based on the COI fragment sequences (with a low resolution in the support of deep branches), our mitogenome tree demonstrated this fact more obviously. Indeed, “M. cf. micrura” is identified as a taxon lacking the diagnostic characteristics of other groups (like a pecten of strong teeth on the postabdominal claw, presence of strong seta with denticle-like setules on the penultimate segment of limb I, full absence of this seta, the presence of a unident teeth at the base of postabdominal claw., etc. [5]). We know that “M. micrura” is a species complex including non-revised taxa, but some of them are not close relatives of M. micrura s. str.
We have revealed unexpectedly small genetic distances between Chinese and Djiboutian populations of M. heilongjiangensis (both for COI and ITS1) in contrast to Moina cf. micrura, when there is no single shared clade between such distant territories. Additionally, the COI sequences of M. belli from South Africa and Djibouti are well-differentiated, in contrast to M. heilongjiangensis from China and Djibouti. Moreover, two ITS1 haplotypes from Djibouti make a cluster with a single Chinese sequence vs. other Chinese sequences, and the same with COI. We do not know the exact distribution range of M. heilongjiangensis, but the question of invasive status of the Djiboutian population could be raised. Indeed, resting eggs of cladocerans are well-protected from harmful environmental influences and well-transported by different vectors, including water birds [8]. Djibouti is located at the Red Sea Flyway of bird migration [63]; however, the transportation from China seems to be a more realistic scenario keeping in mind a great Chinese export to Djibouti [64]. Many cases of the non-indigenous species and clade appearance in new localities are known to date [65,66], and M. heilongjiangensis in Djibouti could represent a new such case.
This is a very preliminary hypothesis, but the statuses of the populations of M. micrura s. str. from Lake Tana and the lakes of the Rift Valley (Ecoregions 525, 526 and 528) also need to be checked for invasive status. To date, we have very strong evidence of several taxa, including cladocerans [66], being introduced to the Rift Valley from Western countries. Even most populations of M. micrura in Ethiopia could be non-indigenous and occasionally introduced from Europe.

5. Conclusions

Our study has demonstrated the specific species composition of the moinids in arid territories of the African Horn and raised several questions which need to be answered after further investigation.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/w17223312/s1, Figure S1: Full Maximum likelihood COI tree of Moina.; Table S1: Water bodies sampled in Djibouti (this sheet) and Ethiopia (next sheet) and cladocerans found there; Table S2. List of used mitochondrial COI locus sequences with geographical information; Table S3. List of used nuclear ITS1 locus sequences with geographical information.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.D.P., P.G.G. and A.A.K.; methodology, B.D.E.; software, D.D.P. and B.D.E.; validation, D.D.P., P.G.G. and A.N.N.; formal analysis, D.D.P., P.G.G., A.N.N. and B.D.E.; investigation, D.D.P., P.G.G. and A.N.N.; resources, I.O.W.; data curation, D.D.P. and I.O.W.; writing—original draft preparation, D.D.P., A.N.N. and A.A.K.; writing—review and editing, D.D.P., A.N.N. and A.A.K.; visualization, P.G.G.; supervision, A.A.K.; project administration, A.A.K.; funding acquisition, A.A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The study was performed according to the scientific project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075-15-2024-649).

Data Availability Statement

The sequencing data presented in this study are available in the NCBI-SRA database at the https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (project id: PRJNA1337883). The original assembled data were deposited at the Zenodo repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17442496 and the NCBI GenBank database (accession numbers: PX507514-PX507519, PX520803-PX520806). All samples are kept at the working collection of the Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Invasions of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.

Acknowledgments

This paper is dedicated to Henri J. Dumont, who contributed greatly to the studies of the continental water body fauna in arid regions of Africa and Arabian Peninsula. We are very grateful to R.J. Shiel for linguistic corrections in an earlier draft. Many thanks to our colleagues who participated in trips organized by the Joint Ethio-Russian Biological Expedition (JERBE) for their logistic help, and personally to A.A. Darkov and Y.Y. Dgebuadze for the organization of such trips. All SEM works were carried out at the Joint Usage Center “Instrumental Methods in Ecology”, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. Localities studied here. (a) Position of Djibouti and Ethiopia in the African continent. Thick black lines mark national borders; thin brown lines mark borders of the Ecoregions according to Abell et al. [23] Photos of four localities where Moina was found in Djibouti: (b) Locality 1; (c) Locality 9; (d) Locality 10; (e) Locality 11.
Figure 1. Localities studied here. (a) Position of Djibouti and Ethiopia in the African continent. Thick black lines mark national borders; thin brown lines mark borders of the Ecoregions according to Abell et al. [23] Photos of four localities where Moina was found in Djibouti: (b) Locality 1; (c) Locality 9; (d) Locality 10; (e) Locality 11.
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Figure 2. Moina cf. micrura from the samples 9 and 10 in Djibouti. (a) parthenogenetic female, general view; (b) posteroventral portion of valve, outer view; (c) postabdominal claws; (d) ephippial female, general view; (e) head of ephippial female; (f) ephippium, general view. Scale bars 0.1 mm for (a,d–f), 0.02 mm for (c), 0.01 mm for (b).
Figure 2. Moina cf. micrura from the samples 9 and 10 in Djibouti. (a) parthenogenetic female, general view; (b) posteroventral portion of valve, outer view; (c) postabdominal claws; (d) ephippial female, general view; (e) head of ephippial female; (f) ephippium, general view. Scale bars 0.1 mm for (a,d–f), 0.02 mm for (c), 0.01 mm for (b).
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Figure 3. Moina heilongjiangensis from sample 11 in Djibouti. (a) parthenogenetic female, general view; (b) head; (c) groups of hairs on the head dorsal portion (arrow); (d) posteroventral portion of valve, inner view; (e) distal portion of postabdomen and postabdominal claw; (f) groups of hairs on proximal portion of postabdomen; (g) thoracic limb I. All scale bars 0.1 mm.
Figure 3. Moina heilongjiangensis from sample 11 in Djibouti. (a) parthenogenetic female, general view; (b) head; (c) groups of hairs on the head dorsal portion (arrow); (d) posteroventral portion of valve, inner view; (e) distal portion of postabdomen and postabdominal claw; (f) groups of hairs on proximal portion of postabdomen; (g) thoracic limb I. All scale bars 0.1 mm.
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Figure 4. Mitochondrial genomes of two moinid species found in Djibouti. (a) Moina cf. micrura; (b) M. heilongjiangensis.
Figure 4. Mitochondrial genomes of two moinid species found in Djibouti. (a) Moina cf. micrura; (b) M. heilongjiangensis.
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Figure 5. Maximum likelihood mitogenomic tree of Moina based on the full nucleotide dataset. Standard bootstrap supports inferred from the full/conservative nucleotide datasets are given at the nodes. Nodes with both supports higher than 80 are highlighted in bold. Two taxa of Daphniidae are used as an outgroup.
Figure 5. Maximum likelihood mitogenomic tree of Moina based on the full nucleotide dataset. Standard bootstrap supports inferred from the full/conservative nucleotide datasets are given at the nodes. Nodes with both supports higher than 80 are highlighted in bold. Two taxa of Daphniidae are used as an outgroup.
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Figure 6. Two portions of the maximum likelihood COI tree of Moina. Standard bootstrap supports (BS)/Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes. Nodes with BS > 80 and PP > 0.95 are highlighted in bold. Supports for nodes with BS < 51 and for very short branches are not shown. Clades corresponding to species as inferred by ASAP are marked by green ellipses. (a) Moina micrura species complex; (b) M. heilongjiangensis, M. belli and congener taxa.
Figure 6. Two portions of the maximum likelihood COI tree of Moina. Standard bootstrap supports (BS)/Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes. Nodes with BS > 80 and PP > 0.95 are highlighted in bold. Supports for nodes with BS < 51 and for very short branches are not shown. Clades corresponding to species as inferred by ASAP are marked by green ellipses. (a) Moina micrura species complex; (b) M. heilongjiangensis, M. belli and congener taxa.
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Figure 7. Maximum likelihood ITS1 tree of Moina. Standard bootstrap supports (BS)/Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes. Nodes with supports > 80 and PP > 0.95 are highlighted in bold. Supports for nodes with BS < 51 and for very short branches are not shown. Clades corresponding to species as inferred by ASAP are marked by green dots. The tree is rooted at the midpoint.
Figure 7. Maximum likelihood ITS1 tree of Moina. Standard bootstrap supports (BS)/Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are given at the nodes. Nodes with supports > 80 and PP > 0.95 are highlighted in bold. Supports for nodes with BS < 51 and for very short branches are not shown. Clades corresponding to species as inferred by ASAP are marked by green dots. The tree is rooted at the midpoint.
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Table 1. Genomic data used in this study. N/A—not available.
Table 1. Genomic data used in this study. N/A—not available.
IsolateSpeciesCountryFolmer Fragment of the COI Gene VariantITS1 Alleles
K115Moina cf. micruraDjiboutiK115K115a
K116Moina cf. micruraDjiboutiK115K115a
K116a
K119Moina cf. micruraDjiboutiK119K115a
K116a
K120Moina heilongjiangensisDjiboutiK120K120a
K120b
AAK M-0371Moina belliEthiopiaAAK M-0371N/A
AAK M-4430Moina belliSouth AfricaAAK M-4430N/A
AAK M-1479Moina cf. micruraEthiopiaAAK M-1479N/A
ANN 2015-024Moina cf. micruraEthiopiaANN 2015-024N/A
AAK M-1483Moina cf. micruraEthiopiaAAK M-1483N/A
AAK M-1511Moina cf. micruraEthiopiaAAK M-1511N/A
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pereboev, D.D.; Neretina, A.N.; Garibian, P.G.; Efeykin, B.D.; Waais, I.O.; Kotov, A.A. Contrasting Fauna in Two Neighboring Territories of the African Horn: A Case of the Genus Moina Baird, 1850 (Cladocera: Moinidae). Water 2025, 17, 3312. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223312

AMA Style

Pereboev DD, Neretina AN, Garibian PG, Efeykin BD, Waais IO, Kotov AA. Contrasting Fauna in Two Neighboring Territories of the African Horn: A Case of the Genus Moina Baird, 1850 (Cladocera: Moinidae). Water. 2025; 17(22):3312. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223312

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pereboev, Dmitry D., Anna N. Neretina, Petr G. Garibian, Boris D. Efeykin, Idriss Okiye Waais, and Alexey A. Kotov. 2025. "Contrasting Fauna in Two Neighboring Territories of the African Horn: A Case of the Genus Moina Baird, 1850 (Cladocera: Moinidae)" Water 17, no. 22: 3312. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223312

APA Style

Pereboev, D. D., Neretina, A. N., Garibian, P. G., Efeykin, B. D., Waais, I. O., & Kotov, A. A. (2025). Contrasting Fauna in Two Neighboring Territories of the African Horn: A Case of the Genus Moina Baird, 1850 (Cladocera: Moinidae). Water, 17(22), 3312. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17223312

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