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Water
Volume 17
Issue 16
10.3390/w17162490
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Current State of Research on the Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode System for Treating Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams: Particle Electrode, Degradation Mechanism, and Synergy Effects

by
Guene L. Razack
1,2,3,
Jiayi Wang
1,
Xian Zhao
1,
Worou Chabi Noel
2,3,
Hanjun Sun
1,
Jiwei Pang
4,
Jie Ding
1,*,
Wenshuo Wang
1,
Xiaoyin Yang
5,
Chenhao Cui
1,
Yani Zang
1,
Yuqian Wang
1,
Geng Luo
1,
Nanqi Ren
1 and
Shanshan Yang
1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Urban-Rural Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
2
Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, National Water Institute (INE), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin
3
Laboratory of Materials and Structures (LAMS), Graduate School of Civil Engineering Véréchaguine, Cotonou 02 BP 244, Benin
4
Harbin Corner Science & Technology Inc., Harbin 150023, China
5
School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(16), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162490
Submission received: 7 May 2025 / Revised: 2 June 2025 / Accepted: 17 June 2025 / Published: 21 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Versions Notes

Abstract

As the demand for effective wastewater treatment continues to rise, the application of three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical particle electrodes for the removal of organic compounds from industrial wastewater has emerged as a promising solution. This approach offers significant advantages, including high treatment efficiency, operational flexibility, high current efficiency, low energy consumption, and the ability to degrade non-biodegradable organic pollutants, ultimately mineralizing them. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic exploration of the research and development of particle electrodes for use in 3D electrochemical reactors in wastewater treatment. The pivotal role of particle electrodes in removing organic contaminants from wastewater was highlighted, with most materials used as particle electrodes characterized by a specific surface area and well-defined porous structure, both of which were thoroughly discussed. Through the synergistic mechanism of adsorption, the particle electrode aids in the breakdown of organic contaminants, demonstrating the 3D particle electrode’s effectiveness in facilitating multiple oxidation mechanisms for organic wastewater treatment. Furthermore, this review categorized various particle electrode types used in 3D electrochemical wastewater treatment based on their primary components or carriers and the presence or absence of catalysts. Finally, the current status and prospects for the development and enhancement of 3D electrode particles were presented. This review offers valuable insights into the application of the 3D electrode process for environmental water treatment.
Keywords: wastewater treatment; three-dimensional; particle electrode; mechanism; degradation; synergistic wastewater treatment; three-dimensional; particle electrode; mechanism; degradation; synergistic

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Razack, G.L.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Noel, W.C.; Sun, H.; Pang, J.; Ding, J.; Wang, W.; Yang, X.; Cui, C.; et al. Current State of Research on the Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode System for Treating Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams: Particle Electrode, Degradation Mechanism, and Synergy Effects. Water 2025, 17, 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162490

AMA Style

Razack GL, Wang J, Zhao X, Noel WC, Sun H, Pang J, Ding J, Wang W, Yang X, Cui C, et al. Current State of Research on the Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode System for Treating Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams: Particle Electrode, Degradation Mechanism, and Synergy Effects. Water. 2025; 17(16):2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162490

Chicago/Turabian Style

Razack, Guene L., Jiayi Wang, Xian Zhao, Worou Chabi Noel, Hanjun Sun, Jiwei Pang, Jie Ding, Wenshuo Wang, Xiaoyin Yang, Chenhao Cui, and et al. 2025. "Current State of Research on the Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode System for Treating Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams: Particle Electrode, Degradation Mechanism, and Synergy Effects" Water 17, no. 16: 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162490

APA Style

Razack, G. L., Wang, J., Zhao, X., Noel, W. C., Sun, H., Pang, J., Ding, J., Wang, W., Yang, X., Cui, C., Zang, Y., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Ren, N., & Yang, S. (2025). Current State of Research on the Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode System for Treating Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Streams: Particle Electrode, Degradation Mechanism, and Synergy Effects. Water, 17(16), 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162490

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