From River to Sea: Tracking Plastic Waste Transport via the Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas
2.1.1. Characteristics of Hau River
2.1.2. Hau River Hydrological Regime
2.2. Sample Collection
2.2.1. Sample Collection Time
2.2.2. Sample Collection Net
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Calculate the Collected Data
2.4.1. Calculation of the Flow Volume Through the Devices
2.4.2. Concentration, Size Categories, and Chemical Composition of Macroplastic
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Factors
3.1.1. Air Humidity and Air Temperature
3.1.2. Wind Direction and Wind Speed
3.2. Hydrological Characteristics
3.2.1. Waves on the Hau River
3.2.2. Water Velocity
3.3. Characteristics of Floating Plastic Waste
3.3.1. Abundance of Plastic Items
Abundance of Plastic Items at Ebb Tide
Abundance of Plastic Items at Flood Tide
3.3.2. Number of Pieces of Plastic
Density of Plastic Pieces According to Each Tidal Time
Number of Plastic Items at Ebb Tide
Number of Plastic Items at Flood Tide
3.3.3. Mass of Plastics
Plastic Mass Density at Each Tidal Time
Mass Distribution of Plastic Debris at Ebb Tide
Mass Distribution of Plastic Debris at Flood Tide
3.3.4. Plastic Size Distribution
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classes | Description |
---|---|
Mega | >1000 mm |
Macro | 25 mm–1000 mm |
Meso | 5 mm–25 mm |
Micro | <5 mm |
Variables | Wind Speed (m/s) | Air Humudity (%) | Air Temperature (°C) | Water Velocity (m/s) | Water Volume (m3) | Wave on River (cm) | Pieces/h | Pieces/m3 | g/h | g/m3 | Items/h | Items/m3 | Size (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed (m/s) | 1 | ||||||||||||
Air humudity (%) | −0.265 | 1 | |||||||||||
Air temperature (°C) | −0.147 | 0.086 | 1 | ||||||||||
Water velocity (m/s) | −0.441 | 0.029 | 0.714 | 1 | |||||||||
Water volume (m3) | −0.441 | 0.029 | 0.714 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||||||
Wave on river (cm) | 0.147 | −0.086 | −1.000 | −0.714 | −0.714 | 1 | |||||||
Pieces/h | 0.147 | 0.257 | 0.143 | −0.543 | −0.543 | −0.143 | 1 | ||||||
Pieces/m3 | 0.530 | 0.029 | −0.314 | −0.886 | −0.886 | 0.314 | 0.829 | 1 | |||||
g/h | −0.235 | −0.143 | −0.257 | −0.600 | −0.600 | 0.257 | 0.657 | 0.600 | 1 | ||||
g/m3 | −0.088 | 0.086 | −0.371 | −0.771 | −0.771 | 0.371 | 0.771 | 0.771 | 0.943 | 1 | |||
Items/h | 0.265 | 0.086 | −0.143 | −0.771 | −0.771 | 0.143 | 0.943 | 0.943 | 0.771 | 0.886 | 1 | ||
Items/m3 | 0.441 | 0.086 | −0.486 | −0.943 | −0.943 | 0.486 | 0.714 | 0.943 | 0.657 | 0.829 | 0.886 | 1 | |
Size (cm) | 0.029 | −0.543 | −0.657 | −0.200 | −0.200 | 0.657 | −0.600 | −0.200 | 0.086 | −0.029 | −0.314 | 0.029 | 1 |
Group | Items |
---|---|
1. Plastic Bags & Wrappers | Plastic Bag (T Shirt), Plastic Bag (Without Handle), Zip Bags, Food Bags, Package Straps |
2. Plastic Bottles & Containers | Plastic Bottles (Veterinary Physiological Saline), Glue Bottle (Plastic), Yogurt Bottle, Antiseptic Bottle, Serum Bottle, Cups, Plastic Bowl, Plastic Mug with Handle. |
3. Plastic Lids & Caps | Plastic Lids, Plastic Bottle Handle, Baby Bottle Hood. |
4. Foamed Plastic (Styrofoam) | Styrofoam Container, Food Container (Foam), Shockproof Packaging, Fruit Foam Net. |
5. Plastic Tableware | Spoon, Plastic Cup, Plastic Rice Spoon, Plastic Cake Knife. |
6. Plastic Personal Items | Toothbrush, Disposable Razors, Liquid Lipstick, Permanent Marker Pen, Ballpoint Pens, Face Cream Boxes. |
7. Plastic Toys & Other Items | Plastic Toys, Plastic Shoes, Plastic Clothes Hangers, Watch Strap (Plastic), LED Headlight Head-Mounted Flashlight, Plastic Plant Pots. |
8. Plastic Medical/Scientific | Plastic Tube (Rectal Pump Solution), Plastic Transfer Pipette Dropper, Asthma Inhaler Tube, Nasal Inhaler Tube. |
9. Broken/Fragmented Plastics | Broken Plastic Piece (Bucket Lid), Others. |
10. Non-Plastic Items | Glass Bottles, Metal Lids, Vaccine Vial (Glass), Rubber Seal Ring, Rubber Band, Leather Handbag. |
Group | Items |
---|---|
1. Plastic Bags & Wrappers | Plastic bag (Without Handle), Plastic Bag (T Shirt), Food Bags, Zip Bags, Clear Plastic Tape, Flour Bags, Cup of Instant Noodles, Transparent Plastic Jelly Jar, Package Straps. |
2. Plastic Bottles & Containers | Plastic Bottle, Pesticide Bottle, Syringe (Plastic), Hair Oil Bottle (Plastic), Bottle of Antiseptic, Fuel Filter (Plastic). |
3. Plastic Lids & Caps | Plastic Lids, Plastic Cup. |
4. Foamed Plastic (Styrofoam) | Fruit Foam Net, Food Container (Foam). |
5. Plastic Tableware | Plastic Plate, Spoon. |
6. Plastic Personal Items | Plastic Shoes, Comb (Plastic), Knife Handle (Plastic), Hanger (Plastic), Exfoliation Tube (Plastic), Toothbrush, Dishwashing Sponge, Lighters (Plastic). |
7. Broken/Fragmented Plastics | Plastic Pieces of All Kinds, Tear Ring on Plastic Pail Lid, Others. |
8. Personal & Sanitary Items | Diaper, Disposable Plastic Gloves (Food Handling), Hand Holding Resistance Band. |
9. Textile & Fiber Items | Fabric (Shirt), Jute Rope, Ribbon. |
10. Non-Plastic Items | Glass Bottles, Rubber Band, Gasket, Aluminum Foil, Lighter Fluid for Zippo (Metal). |
L1 | L2 | L3 | H1 | H2 | H3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pieces/h | 49 | 340 | 14 | 71 | 48 | 59 |
Water volume (m3) | 2.83 | 2.54 | 7.22 | 5.40 | 4.45 | 1.22 |
Pieces/m3 | 17 | 134 | 2 | 13 | 11 | 48 |
Average (pieces/h) | 134 | 59 | ||||
Average (pieces/m3) | 51 | 24 | ||||
Total (pieces) | 403 | 178 |
L1 | L2 | L3 | H1 | H2 | H3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg/h | 0.19 | 1.97 | 0.27 | 0.92 | 0.38 | 2.34 |
Water volume (m3) | 2.83 | 2.54 | 7.22 | 5.40 | 4.45 | 1.22 |
kg/m3 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.171 | 0.09 | 1.92 |
Average (kg/h) | 0.81 | 1.22 | ||||
Average (kg/m3) | 0.29 | 0.73 | ||||
Total (kg) | 2.43 | 3.65 |
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Thanh, N.T.; Minh, H.V.T.; Lavane, K.; Vo Chau Ngan, N.; Toan, P.V.; Ty, T.V.; Duy, D.V.; Toan, V.T.; Kumar, P. From River to Sea: Tracking Plastic Waste Transport via the Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Water 2025, 17, 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162438
Thanh NT, Minh HVT, Lavane K, Vo Chau Ngan N, Toan PV, Ty TV, Duy DV, Toan VT, Kumar P. From River to Sea: Tracking Plastic Waste Transport via the Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Water. 2025; 17(16):2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162438
Chicago/Turabian StyleThanh, Nguyen Truong, Huynh Vuong Thu Minh, Kim Lavane, Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan, Pham Van Toan, Tran Van Ty, Dinh Van Duy, Vo Thanh Toan, and Pankaj Kumar. 2025. "From River to Sea: Tracking Plastic Waste Transport via the Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam" Water 17, no. 16: 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162438
APA StyleThanh, N. T., Minh, H. V. T., Lavane, K., Vo Chau Ngan, N., Toan, P. V., Ty, T. V., Duy, D. V., Toan, V. T., & Kumar, P. (2025). From River to Sea: Tracking Plastic Waste Transport via the Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Water, 17(16), 2438. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17162438