Interactions Evaluation between the Jouamaa Hakama Groundwater and Ouljat Echatt River in the North of Morocco, Using Hydrochemical Modeling, Multivariate Statistics and GIS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Climate
2.3. Geology and Hydrogeology
2.4. Sampling, Laboratory Analysis and Analytical Method
2.5. Water Quality Index (WQI)
2.6. Water for Irrigation Use (IWQI)
2.7. Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA) and the Geological Information System (GIS)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemical Data Correlation
3.2. Hydrochemical Modeling
3.2.1. Hydrochemical Facies Using Piper Diagram
3.2.2. Water Samples Schöeller Berkaloff Diagram and Schöeller Berkaloff Diagram for Average Parameters
3.3. Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) and Surface Water Quality Index (SWQI)
3.4. Irrigation Groundwater Water Quality (IGWQI) and Irrigation Water Quality of Surface Water (ISWQI)
3.5. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3.5.1. Statistical Analysis (PCA)
3.5.2. Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (r)
3.6. Distribution of the Main Ion Concentrations according to the Distance from the River
3.7. Interpretation for GW–SW Interactions with Hydrochemical Data
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Points | Long | Lat |
---|---|---|
R1 | −5.67463746° | 35.66688479° |
R2 | −5.67766835° | 35.66541206° |
R3 | −5.68093907° | 35.66351440° |
R4 | −5.68364274° | 35.66088328° |
R5 | −5.68626245° | 35.65523154° |
R6 | −5.68576545° | 35.65334556° |
R7 | −5.68819553° | 35.65227545° |
R8 | −5.68982623° | 35.64715242° |
R9 | −5.69294471° | 35.64394728° |
R10 | −5.69726585° | 35.64224707° |
R11 | −5.70137617° | 35.63777176° |
P1 | −5.68275827° | 35.66043753° |
P2 | −5.68265338° | 35.66000167° |
P3 | −5.68549656° | 35.65540978° |
P4 | −5.68530379° | 35.65319523 ° |
P5 | −5.68832221° | 35.65258791° |
P6 | −5.68988600° | 35.64719612° |
P7 | −5.69093475° | 35.64789468° |
P8 | −5.69290863° | 35.64402414° |
P9 | −5.69721983° | 35.64247992° |
Parameters | Analytical Method | Unit | Maximum Allowable Values WHO | Moroccan Standard [74,75] |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | pH meter | --- | 6.5 < pH < 8.5 | 6.5 < pH < 9 |
T | Thermometer | °C | T° < 25 | T° < 30 |
EC | Conductimeter | µS/cm | 2700 | 2700 |
DO | Oximeter | mg/L | 5 < O2 < 8 | 5 < O2 < 8 |
TURB | Turbidimetry | NFU | 5 | 5 |
Ca2+ | Titrimetric technique | mg/L | 75 | 75 |
Mg2+ | Complexometry with E.D.T.A. (0.02 N) | mg/L | 50 | 50 |
Na+ | Flame photometer | mg/L | 200 | 200 |
K+ | photometer | mg/L | 50 | 50 |
Cl− | Mohr’s method | mg/L | 250 | 300 |
HCO3− | Acido-basic titration (HCl 0.05 N) | mg/L | 120 | 120 |
CO32− | mg/L | 100 | 100 | |
NO32− | Steam distillation | mg/L | 50 | 50 |
SO42− | Nephelometric method | mg/L | 250 | 200 |
TDS | mg/L | 500 | 500 | |
TH | mg/L | 400 | 400 |
Classes | Classification |
---|---|
0 to 25 | Excellent |
26 to 50 | Good |
51 to 75 | Poor |
76 to 100 | Very poor |
>100 | Unsuitable for drinking |
Parameters | Classification | References |
---|---|---|
SAR | Excellent, Good, Permissible, Doubtful | [93] |
RSC | Good, Medium, Bad | [94] |
Na% | Excellent, Good, Permissible, Doubtful, Unsuitable | [90] |
PI | Excellent, Good, Unsuitable | [95] |
KI | Permissible, Non- Permissible | [96] |
PS | Excellent, Good, | [95] |
RSBC | Excellent, Good, | [97] |
MH | Suitable, Unsuitable, | [98] |
Sampling | T | EC | TDS | pH | DO (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | HCO3− (mg/L) | CO32− (mg/L) | NO3− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | TURB | TH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 17.00 | 1157.0 | 740.5 | 7.08 | 8.30 | 36.0 | 16.8 | 135.5 | 12.48 | 153.3 | 7.63 | 67.50 | 18.00 | 113.09 | 30.50 | 159.07 |
R2 | 17.40 | 1205.0 | 771.2 | 7.17 | 6.82 | 44.0 | 16.8 | 126.6 | 11.80 | 152.3 | 7.63 | 78.75 | 18.00 | 96.31 | 45.20 | 179.05 |
R3 | 20.10 | 1142.0 | 730.9 | 7.31 | 7.01 | 44.0 | 19.2 | 119.7 | 10.73 | 149.1 | 7.63 | 71.25 | 24.00 | 101.66 | 30.20 | 188.93 |
R4 | 19.00 | 1072.0 | 686.1 | 6.91 | 7.00 | 44.0 | 16.8 | 114.7 | 9.75 | 148.1 | 7.63 | 56.25 | 36.00 | 96.38 | 21.50 | 179.05 |
R5 | 18.60 | 1161.0 | 743.0 | 7.04 | 6.76 | 44.0 | 18.0 | 71.2 | 9.46 | 149.5 | 7.63 | 67.50 | 36.00 | 0.00 | 22.40 | 183.99 |
R6 | 19.10 | 1188.0 | 760.3 | 7.09 | 6.11 | 52.0 | 15.6 | 128.6 | 10.34 | 151.2 | 7.63 | 56.25 | 30.00 | 140.88 | 19.00 | 194.08 |
R7 | 20.30 | 1182.0 | 756.5 | 6.97 | 6.5 | 48.0 | 21.6 | 129.6 | 10.24 | 163.8 | 7.63 | 63.75 | 30.00 | 127.94 | 19.20 | 208.80 |
R8 | 19.80 | 1061.0 | 679.0 | 7.08 | 6.4 | 40.0 | 10.8 | 117.7 | 10.73 | 160.0 | 7.63 | 71.25 | 30.00 | 34.66 | 20.10 | 144.35 |
R9 | 20.10 | 1053.0 | 673.9 | 7.12 | 6.7 | 40.0 | 12.0 | 123.6 | 10.92 | 144.6 | 7.63 | 67.50 | 30.00 | 79.20 | 17.60 | 149.30 |
R10 | 20.50 | 884.0 | 565.8 | 7.09 | 6.2 | 32.0 | 18.0 | 87.0 | 7.70 | 152.6 | 7.63 | 67.50 | 30.00 | 0.00 | 17.80 | 154.03 |
R11 | 20.70 | 878.0 | 561.9 | 7.20 | 7.4 | 36.0 | 13.2 | 82.1 | 7.51 | 164.5 | 15.25 | 37.50 | 36.00 | 0.00 | 16.90 | 144.25 |
Average | 19.33 | 1089.36 | 697.19 | 7.10 | 6.8 | 41.8 | 16.3 | 112.4 | 10.1 | 153.5 | 8.3 | 64.1 | 28.9 | 71.8 | 23.67 | 171.4 |
Max | 20.70 | 1205.0 | 771.2 | 7.31 | 8.3 | 52.0 | 21.6 | 135.5 | 12.5 | 164.5 | 15.3 | 78.8 | 36.0 | 140.9 | 45.20 | 208.8 |
Min | 17.00 | 878.0 | 561.9 | 6.91 | 6.1 | 32.0 | 10.8 | 71.2 | 7.5 | 144.6 | 7.6 | 37.5 | 18.0 | 0.0 | 16.90 | 144.2 |
Sampling | T | EC | TDS | pH | DO (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | Cl− (mg/L) | HCO3− (mg/L) | CO32− (mg/L) | NO3− (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | TURB | TH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 16.20 | 806.0 | 515.8 | 7.39 | 7.6 | 32.0 | 24.0 | 55.5 | 0.68 | 152.3 | 7.63 | 48.75 | 24.00 | 0.00 | 4.30 | 178.736 |
P2 | 16.80 | 1262.0 | 807.7 | 6.91 | 6.3 | 32.0 | 36.0 | 98.9 | 0.39 | 231.0 | 7.63 | 37.50 | 36.00 | 16.08 | 4.10 | 228.152 |
P3 | 17.30 | 824.0 | 527.4 | 6.92 | 6.5 | 16.0 | 24.0 | 72.2 | 2.15 | 189.4 | 7.63 | 26.25 | 24.00 | 0.00 | 3.40 | 138.784 |
P4 | 16.90 | 1509.0 | 965.8 | 7.70 | 7.5 | 44.0 | 28.8 | 146.4 | 2.24 | 389.2 | 7.63 | 33.75 | 30.00 | 0.00 | 2.90 | 228.4664 |
P5 | 17.20 | 1198.0 | 766.7 | 7.29 | 7.0 | 60.0 | 31.2 | 65.3 | 1.66 | 174.7 | 15.25 | 78.75 | 30.00 | 5.54 | 3.10 | 278.3016 |
P6 | 18.50 | 1768.0 | 1131.5 | 7.39 | 6.8 | 80.0 | 44.4 | 191.9 | 4.49 | 171.9 | 22.88 | 78.75 | 36.00 | 367.06 | 3.30 | 382.5992 |
P7 | 17.10 | 1355.0 | 867.2 | 7.79 | 6.3 | 56.0 | 50.4 | 117.7 | 2.24 | 197.1 | 15.25 | 75.00 | 18.00 | 167.74 | 5.40 | 347.3792 |
P8 | 18.20 | 1688.0 | 1080.3 | 7.57 | 6.7 | 60.0 | 50.4 | 64.3 | 5.07 | 169.4 | 30.50 | 93.75 | 12.00 | 70.08 | 5.80 | 357.3672 |
P9 | 18.10 | 1623.0 | 1038.7 | 7.44 | 7.6 | 72.0 | 37.2 | 90.0 | 1.56 | 170.8 | 7.63 | 86.25 | 24.00 | 113.90 | 5.90 | 332.9736 |
Average | 17.37 | 1337.0 | 855.7 | 7.38 | 6.9 | 50.2 | 36.3 | 100.2 | 2.3 | 205.1 | 13.6 | 62.1 | 26.0 | 82.3 | 4.24 | 274.8 |
Max | 18.50 | 1768.0 | 1131.5 | 7.79 | 7.6 | 80.0 | 50.4 | 191.9 | 5.1 | 389.2 | 30.5 | 93.8 | 36.0 | 367.1 | 5.90 | 382.6 |
Min | 16.20 | 806.0 | 515.8 | 6.91 | 6.3 | 16.0 | 24.0 | 55.5 | 0.4 | 152.3 | 7.6 | 26.3 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 2.90 | 138.8 |
Samples River | WQI Score | Classification | Samples Wells | WQI Score | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 165.497266 | Unsuitable | P1 | 59.6085173 | Poor |
R2 | 208.221093 | Unsuitable | P2 | 74.295544 | Poor |
R3 | 160.598102 | Unsuitable | P3 | 55.5992429 | Poor |
R4 | 134.61429 | Unsuitable | P4 | 78.246694 | Very poor |
R5 | 133.754536 | Unsuitable | P5 | 67.5059323 | Poor |
R6 | 132.447409 | Unsuitable | P6 | 102.009686 | Unsuitable |
R7 | 130.996801 | Unsuitable | P7 | 87.2619479 | Very poor |
R8 | 124.981967 | Unsuitable | P8 | 88.2725732 | Very poor |
R9 | 120.361114 | Unsuitable | P9 | 90.8769462 | Very poor |
R10 | 111.714051 | Unsuitable | |||
R11 | 112.648884 | Unsuitable |
Samples | SAR | RSC | Na% | PI | KI | PS | RSBC | MH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 6..59 | −0.83 | 66.00 | 68.69 | 1.84 | 5.56 | −1.68 | 43.75 |
R2 | 5.80 | −0.85 | 61.73 | 64.34 | 1.53 | 5.35 | −2.08 | 38.89 |
R3 | 5.34 | −1.30 | 59.04 | 61.72 | 1.37 | 5.32 | −2.08 | 42.11 |
R4 | 5.26 | −1.60 | 59.27 | 62.20 | 1.39 | 5.23 | −2.08 | 38.89 |
R5 | 3.22 | −1.33 | 47.43 | 50.76 | 0.84 | 4.27 | −2.08 | 40.54 |
R6 | 5.66 | −1.90 | 60.02 | 62.63 | 1.43 | 5.79 | −2.48 | 33.33 |
R7 | 5.50 | −1.95 | 58.40 | 60.88 | 1.34 | 6.01 | −2.28 | 42.86 |
R8 | 6.01 | −0.40 | 65.03 | 68.24 | 1.76 | 4.93 | −1.88 | 31.03 |
R9 | 6.21 | −0.63 | 65.34 | 68.40 | 1.79 | 4.96 | −1.88 | 33.33 |
R10 | 4.30 | −0.73 | 56.22 | 60.10 | 1.22 | 4.36 | −1.48 | 48.39 |
R11 | 4.19 | −1.40 | 56.47 | 62.90 | 1.23 | 4.70 | −1.55 | 37.93 |
P1 | 2.54 | −1.85 | 40.30 | 46.00 | 0.67 | 4.35 | −1.48 | 55.56 |
P2 | 4.01 | −3.23 | 48.37 | 52.29 | 0.93 | 6.77 | −1.48 | 65.22 |
P3 | 3.75 | −1.80 | 53.29 | 58.81 | 1.12 | 5.41 | −0.68 | 71.43 |
P4 | 5.93 | −3.35 | 58.26 | 61.27 | 1.38 | 11.12 | −2.08 | 52.17 |
P5 | 2.40 | −2.73 | 33.97 | 39.56 | 0.51 | 5.05 | −2.75 | 46.43 |
P6 | 6.01 | −4.70 | 52.34 | 55.82 | 1.08 | 8.73 | −3.63 | 48.05 |
P7 | 3.87 | −4.25 | 42.50 | 46.36 | 0.73 | 7.38 | −2.55 | 60.00 |
P8 | 2.08 | −3.58 | 28.89 | 35.04 | 0.39 | 5.57 | −2.50 | 58.33 |
P9 | 3.02 | −3.70 | 37.11 | 40.20 | 0.58 | 6.07 | −3.48 | 46.27 |
Variables | T | EC | TDS | pH | DO | Ca | Mg | Na | K | Cl | HCO3 | CO3 | NO3 | SO4 | TH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | 1 | ||||||||||||||
EC | −0.224 | 1 | |||||||||||||
TDS | −0.224 | 1.000 | 1 | ||||||||||||
pH | −0.327 | 0.566 | 0.566 | 1 | |||||||||||
DO | −0.721 | −0.069 | −0.069 | 0.198 | 1 | ||||||||||
Ca | 0.001 | 0.834 | 0.834 | 0.520 | −0.236 | 1 | |||||||||
Mg | −0.476 | 0.729 | 0.729 | 0.652 | 0.327 | 0.578 | 1 | ||||||||
Na | 0.136 | 0.427 | 0.427 | 0.083 | −0.176 | 0.360 | 0.002 | 1 | |||||||
K | 0.605 | −0.242 | −0.242 | −0.450 | −0.596 | −0.133 | −0.690 | 0.344 | 1 | ||||||
Cl | −0.406 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.435 | 0.254 | −0.029 | 0.297 | 0.217 | −0.484 | 1 | |||||
HCO3 | −0.043 | 0.567 | 0.567 | 0.495 | −0.078 | 0.553 | 0.685 | −0.026 | −0.258 | −0.030 | 1 | ||||
CO3 | 0.132 | 0.519 | 0.519 | 0.318 | −0.387 | 0.703 | 0.322 | 0.091 | 0.236 | −0.451 | 0.435 | 1 | |||
NO3 | 0.367 | −0.185 | −0.185 | −0.450 | −0.172 | −0.046 | −0.332 | 0.163 | 0.011 | 0.085 | −0.259 | −0.419 | 1 | ||
SO4 | 0.071 | 0.593 | 0.593 | 0.217 | −0.101 | 0.694 | 0.382 | 0.747 | 0.144 | −0.194 | 0.366 | 0.453 | −0.044 | 1 | |
TH | −0.310 | 0.867 | 0.867 | 0.670 | 0.102 | 0.847 | 0.924 | 0.171 | −0.512 | 0.180 | 0.706 | 0.541 | −0.238 | 0.575 | 1 |
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Azzirgue, E.M.; Cherif, E.K.; El Azhari, H.; Dakak, H.; Yachou, H.; Ghanimi, A.; Nouayti, N.; Esteves da Silva, J.; Salmoun, F. Interactions Evaluation between the Jouamaa Hakama Groundwater and Ouljat Echatt River in the North of Morocco, Using Hydrochemical Modeling, Multivariate Statistics and GIS. Water 2023, 15, 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091752
Azzirgue EM, Cherif EK, El Azhari H, Dakak H, Yachou H, Ghanimi A, Nouayti N, Esteves da Silva J, Salmoun F. Interactions Evaluation between the Jouamaa Hakama Groundwater and Ouljat Echatt River in the North of Morocco, Using Hydrochemical Modeling, Multivariate Statistics and GIS. Water. 2023; 15(9):1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091752
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzzirgue, El Mustapha, El Khalil Cherif, Hamza El Azhari, Houria Dakak, Hasna Yachou, Ahmed Ghanimi, Nordine Nouayti, Joaquim Esteves da Silva, and Farida Salmoun. 2023. "Interactions Evaluation between the Jouamaa Hakama Groundwater and Ouljat Echatt River in the North of Morocco, Using Hydrochemical Modeling, Multivariate Statistics and GIS" Water 15, no. 9: 1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15091752