Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Changwang and Wuyuan Rivers in Hainan Island, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Samples Collection and Preparation
2.3. Heavy Metals Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment
3.1. Sediment Quality Assessments
3.2. Geo-Accumulation Index and Contamination Factor
3.3. Modified Degree of Contamination and Pollution Load Index
3.4. Potential Ecological Risk
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Concentration of Heavy Metals
4.2. Heavy Metals Pollution Assessment
4.2.1. Geoaccumulation Index and Contamination Factor
4.2.2. Modified Degree of Contamination and Pollution Load Index
4.3. Potential Ecological Risks
4.4. Heavy Metal Pollution Potential Sources
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Season | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changwang | Autumn | 255.93 ± 34.80 | 933.10 ± 230.01 | 40.70 ± 6.56 | 130.51 ± 24.60 | 43.27 ± 6.42 | 140.42 ± 31.70 | 3.48 ± 0.42 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 19.18 ± 2.81 |
Summer | 252.17 ± 63.50 | 1221.37 ± 448.02 | 38.25 ± 11.10 | 107.34 ± 29.12 | 35.53 ± 8.72 | 97.52 ± 21.20 | 3.45 ± 0.80 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 12.90 ± 3.23 | |
Winter | 213.89 ± 46.30 | 764.84 ± 186.01 | 29.11 ± 6.97 | 88.36 ± 23.10 | 31.01 ± 5.99 | 88.00 ± 12.80 | 3.55 ± 0.78 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 17.59 ± 4.20 | |
F-value | 0.290 | 0.704 | 0.662 | 0.906 | 1.031 | 1.358 | 0.002 | 1.791 | 1.188 | |
p-value | 0.750 | 0.502 | 0.522 | 0.414 | 0.368 | 0.271 | 0.998 | 0.183 | 0.317 | |
Wuyuan | Autumn | 75.02 ± 12.31 | 213.33 ± 42.20 | 8.05 ± 0.91 | 31.95 ± 3.27 | 17.40 ± 1.84 | 49.94 ± 6.05 | 6.20 ± 0.96 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 16.51 ± 1.95 |
Summer | 114.08 ± 13.30 | 420.46 ± 142.02 | 12.90 ± 4.17 | 43.37 ± 11.90 | 24.67 ± 4.38 | 119.52 ± 51.70 | 12.89 ± 3.52 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 22.02 ± 2.28 | |
Winter | 160.80 ± 59.80 | 881.66 ± 413.01 | 23.29 ± 11.10 | 64.47 ± 27.90 | 26.40 ± 6.40 | 74.52 ± 18.40 | 3.57 ± 0.72 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 13.55 ± 2.97 | |
F-value | 0.618 | 0.966 | 0.673 | 0.346 | 0.383 | 1.355 | 1.712 | 0.650 | 1.286 | |
p-value | 0.545 | 0.391 | 0.517 | 0.710 | 0.685 | 0.272 | <0.001 * | 0.529 | 0.290 | |
Changwang | All seasons | 240.70 ± 27.71 | 973.02 ± 176.01 | 36.02 ± 4.78 | 108.70 ± 14.60 | 36.61 ± 4.08 | 108.60 ± 13.71 | 3.49 ± 0.38 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 16.55 ± 1.99 |
Wuyuan | All seasons | 116.60 ± 21.40 | 505.04 ± 155.03 | 14.75 ± 4.06 | 46.62 ± 10.12 | 22.83 ± 2.67 | 81.31 ± 18.73 | 7.55 ± 1.55 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 17.36 ± 1.60 |
F-value | 9.519 | 3.335 | 9.267 | 9.062 | 5.876 | 1.500 | 14.104 | 2.059 | 0.083 | |
p-value | 0.004 * | 0.077 | 0.005 * | 0.005 * | 0.021 * | 0.229 | <0.001 * | 0.161 | 0.775 | |
Background values [24] | 27.52 | 163.52 | 4.03 | 7.24 | 6.10 | 44.43 | 1.34 | 0.04 | 24.36 |
Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Changwang, Hainan Island | 240.70 | 973.02 | 36.02 | 108.70 | 36.61 | 108.61 | 3.49 | 0.19 | 16.55 | This study |
Wuyuan, Hainan Island | 116.60 | 505.04 | 14.75 | 46.62 | 22.83 | 81.31 | 7.55 | 0.14 | 17.36 | This study |
TEC | 43.40 | - | - | 22.70 | 31.60 | 121.00 | 9.79 | 0.99 | 35.80 | [20] |
PEC | 111.00 | - | - | 48.60 | 149.00 | 459.00 | 33.00 | 4.98 | 128.00 | [20] |
% of samples < TEC | 7.69 | - | - | 17.95 | 48.72 | 71.79 | 92.31 | 100.00 | 94.87 | This study |
% of samples between TEC-PEC | 33.33 | - | _ | 30.77 | 51.28 | 28.21 | 7.69 | 0.00 | 5.13 | This study |
% of samples > PEC | 58.97 | - | - | 51.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | This study |
Primary standard, China | 80.00 | - | - | - | 35.00 | 150.00 | 20.00 | 0.50 | 60.00 | [30] |
20 Hainan Island rivers | 70.40 | - | - | 27.20 | 58.40 | 129.50 | 15.50 | 0.60 | 54.40 | [6] |
8 Hainan Island rivers | 56.48 | - | - | - | 33.35 | 102.10 | 8.79 | 0.33 | 43.44 | [5] |
Changhua River Estuary | 53.10 | - | - | - | 15.00 | 73.70 | 9.51 | 0.09 | 27.00 | [13] |
Pearl River Estuary | 118.10 | - | - | - | 81.00 | 140.00 | 33.10 | 5.60 | 105.90 | [3] |
Xiangjiang River | 20.44 | 1805.17 | 23.19 | 57.14 | 101.36 | 443.32 | 54.90 | 13.68 | 214.91 | [8] |
Yangtze River Estuary | 52.10 | - | - | - | 28.00 | 78.00 | 11.60 | 0.20 | 21.90 | [31] |
Jialu River | 60.80 | - | - | 42.44 | 39.22 | 107.58 | 6.31 | 2.93 | 29.35 | [32] |
Liaohe River | 35.06 | - | - | 17.73 | 17.82 | 50.24 | 9.88 | 1.20 | 10.57 | [33] |
Bortala River | 51.55 | - | - | 22.32 | 30.09 | 99.19 | 9.67 | 0.17 | 31.98 | [34] |
Zijiang River | 67.51 | 1322.89 | 16.76 | 34.66 | 34.19 | 141.90 | 31.53 | 3.0 | 35.68 | [9] |
Heavy Metal | Component 1 | Component 2 | Communalities |
---|---|---|---|
Cr | 0.949 | −0.128 | 0.917 |
Mn | 0.858 | −0.104 | 0.748 |
Co | 0.982 | −0.094 | 0.973 |
Ni | 0.965 | −0.093 | 0.940 |
Cu | 0.960 | 0.053 | 0.924 |
Zn | 0.710 | 0.555 | 0.812 |
As | −0.166 | 0.709 | 0.530 |
Cd | 0.233 | 0.834 | 0.750 |
Pb | −0.271 | 0.840 | 0.779 |
Eigenvalues | 5.112 | 2.259 | |
% Variance | 56.804 | 25.105 | |
% Cumulative variance | 56.804 | 81.909 |
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Yongo, E.; Jin, F.; Mutethya, E.; Wu, D.; Zhang, P.; Guo, Z. Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Changwang and Wuyuan Rivers in Hainan Island, China. Water 2023, 15, 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081580
Yongo E, Jin F, Mutethya E, Wu D, Zhang P, Guo Z. Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Changwang and Wuyuan Rivers in Hainan Island, China. Water. 2023; 15(8):1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081580
Chicago/Turabian StyleYongo, Edwine, Fangfang Jin, Eunice Mutethya, Di Wu, Pengfei Zhang, and Zhiqiang Guo. 2023. "Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Changwang and Wuyuan Rivers in Hainan Island, China" Water 15, no. 8: 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081580
APA StyleYongo, E., Jin, F., Mutethya, E., Wu, D., Zhang, P., & Guo, Z. (2023). Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Changwang and Wuyuan Rivers in Hainan Island, China. Water, 15(8), 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081580