Comparison between Different Technologies (Zerovalent Iron, Coagulation-Flocculation, Adsorption) for Arsenic Treatment at High Concentrations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Experiments with Fe(0) and Natural Clay
2.3. Coagulation-Flocculation Experiments
2.4. Experiments of As Stability on the Generated Solids
2.5. Analytical Techniques
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Removal of As(V) with Fe(0)
3.2. Removal of As(III) with Fe(0)
3.3. Removal of As(V) and As(III) by Coagulation-Flocculation
3.4. Removal of As(V) and As(III) with Clay
3.5. Comparison between the Technologies
3.6. Stability of As Retained in the Clay and in Fe(0)
3.7. Suitability of Fe(0) Technology
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | A, mg L−1 | k × 103, h−1 | [As(V)]∞, mg L−1 | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
µFe(0) | 0.25 g L−1 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 12 ± 1 | 0 | 0.98 |
0.50 g L−1 | 5.00 ± 0.05 | 17 ± 0.3 | 0 | 1 | |
2.5 g L−1 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 37 ± 3 | 0 | 0.99 | |
5.0 g L−1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 40 ± 2 | 0 | 1 | |
0.25 g L−1 a | 5.00 ± 0.05 | 34 ± 1 | 0 | 1 | |
wFe(0) | 0.25 g L−1 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.97 |
0.50 g L−1 | 5.00 ± 0.05 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | 0 | 0.99 | |
2.5 g L−1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 33 ± 2 | 0 | 1 | |
5.0 g L−1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 60 ± 2 | 0 | 1 |
Fe(0) Size (mm) | [As(V)]0 (mg L−1) | MR As:Fe | pH | EC (mS cm−1)a | Stirring | k × 103 (h−1) | ri (mg L−1 h−1) | tR (h) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.074–0.84(µFe(0)) | 5 | 1:67 | 7 | 0.03 | No | 12 | 0.06 | 288 | This work |
0.20(wFe(0)) | 5 | 1:1342 | 7 | 0.03 | No | 60 | 0.30 | 96 | This work |
<0.149 | 100 | 1:13.4 | 7 | 0.05-0.8 | Magnetic | 79.5 | 7.95 | NR | [43] |
<0.074 | 0.5 | 1:6708 | 8.28 | ≈3 a | NR | 348 | 0.174 | 8 | [48] |
0.125–0.177 | 5 | 1:134 | 7 | ≈2.7 a | Orbital, 180 rpm | 330 | 1.65 | NR | [29] |
0.149 | 2 | 1:16,109 | 6.4 | ≈0.9 a | Orbital, 50 rpm | 77.8 | 0.1556 | 72 | [39] |
NR b | 2 | 1:16,109 | 6.4 | ≈0.9 a | Orbital, 50 rpm | 34.9 | 0.0698 | <96 | [39] |
NR c | 2 | 1:16,109 | 6.4 | ≈0.9 a | Orbital, 50 rpm | 24.6 | 0.0492 | <96 | [39] |
0.045 | 2 | 1:16,109 | 6.4 | ≈0.9 a | Orbital, 50 rpm | 5.31 | 0.0106 | NR | [39] |
0.125–0.177 | 10 | 1:134 | 7 | ≈3.6 a | NR | --- | 10.5 | NR | [45] |
0–2–0.25 | 5 | 1:5366 | 9 | NR | Orbital, 100 rpm | --- | 2.8 | >120 | [69] |
<0.044 | 0.2 | 1:13,416 | 7 | NR (no salt added) | Orbital | --- | 0.48 | 3 | [71] |
<0.212 | 5 | 1:537 | 7 | ≈2.6 a | NR | --- | 3.2 | >50 | [54] |
NR d | 0.1 | 1:40,247 | 7.1 | 1.50 | Magnetic, 300 rpm | --- | 0.12 | 2.7 | [49] |
Coagulant | Dose (g L−1) | [AsT] Remaining Starting from As(V) (mg L−1) | [AsT] Remaining Starting from As(III) (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Al2(SO4)3 | 0.25 g L−1 | <LD | 5.00 |
0.50 g L−1 | <LD | --- | |
2.5 g L−1 | <LD | 3.91 | |
5.0 g L−1 | <LD | 3.60 | |
FeCl3 | 0.25 g L−1 | <LD | 0.06 |
0.50 g L−1 | <LD | <LD | |
2.5 g L−1 | <LD | <LD | |
5.0 g L−1 | <LD | --- |
Experiment | Minimum Dose (g L−1) | tR (h) | As:Fe or As:Al MR |
---|---|---|---|
As(V), µFe(0) | 0.25 | 288 | 1:67 |
As(V), µFe(0) a | 0.25 | 168 | 1:67 |
As(III), µFe(0) | 1 | >648 | 1:268 |
As(V), wFe(0) | 2.50 | 168 | 1:670 |
As(V), Al2(SO4)3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1:22 |
As(III), Al2(SO4)3 | >5.00 | ND | >1:438 |
As(V), FeCl3 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 1:23 |
As(III), FeCl3 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 1:46 |
As(V), clay | 50 | >168 | --- |
As(III), clay | 50 | >648 | --- |
Material | Dose (g L−1) | q (mg As g−1) | [As(III)] In the Leachate (mg L−1) | [As(V)] In the Leachate (mg L−1) | % AsT Leached |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
μFe(0) | 1 | 5 | 0.007 | 0.119 | 0.063 |
clay | 25 | 0.2 | 0.028 | 0.091 | 1.49 |
clay | 50 | 0.1 | 0.007 | 0.119 | 3.15 |
clay/μFe(0) | 25/1 | 0.192 | 0.021 | 0.084 | 1.36 |
clay/μFe(0) | 50/1 | 0.098 | 0.028 | 0.076 | 2.67 |
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Lan, L.E.; Reina, F.D.; De Seta, G.E.; Meichtry, J.M.; Litter, M.I. Comparison between Different Technologies (Zerovalent Iron, Coagulation-Flocculation, Adsorption) for Arsenic Treatment at High Concentrations. Water 2023, 15, 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081481
Lan LE, Reina FD, De Seta GE, Meichtry JM, Litter MI. Comparison between Different Technologies (Zerovalent Iron, Coagulation-Flocculation, Adsorption) for Arsenic Treatment at High Concentrations. Water. 2023; 15(8):1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081481
Chicago/Turabian StyleLan, Luis E., Fernando D. Reina, Graciela E. De Seta, Jorge M. Meichtry, and Marta I. Litter. 2023. "Comparison between Different Technologies (Zerovalent Iron, Coagulation-Flocculation, Adsorption) for Arsenic Treatment at High Concentrations" Water 15, no. 8: 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081481
APA StyleLan, L. E., Reina, F. D., De Seta, G. E., Meichtry, J. M., & Litter, M. I. (2023). Comparison between Different Technologies (Zerovalent Iron, Coagulation-Flocculation, Adsorption) for Arsenic Treatment at High Concentrations. Water, 15(8), 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081481