Physicochemical Technique in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill Leachate Remediation: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Landfilling
3. Characteristics of Landfill Leachate
4. Landfill Leachate Treatment
5. Physicochemical Treatment for Landfill Leachate
5.1. Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) Reduction by Air Stripping
5.2. Coagulation-Flocculation Process
5.3. Adsorption
5.4. Integrated Treatment
6. Challenges
- Treating leachate is tough and demanding owing to its complex compounds, which involve large differences in its volumetric chemical compositions. Selecting an acceptable, cost-effective, and efficient combination procedure is a demanding undertaking.
- Leachate normally varies in terms of loading due to large fluctuations in water quantity and quality. This is because it is greatly influenced by the amount of waste disposed of daily, season, and weather conditions, which make it difficult to choose and run an effective treatment method and consistent performance.
- Treatment of leachate depends on its composition. As leachate properties differ, treatment methods for leachate A might not work well for leachate B. Therefore, a treatability study is highly recommended. Experiences and performances of an existing leachate treatment plant will complement this treatability study.
- It is also not straightforward to determine an appropriate and the best combination of available technologies and how to combine them to achieve a steady operation.
- Budget restrictions in developing countries make it challenging to establish and maintain an effective treatment system.
- Treating NH3-N and total nitrogen is a challenging task. Usually, a nitrification-denitrification system or an ammonia stripping plant is required, although they are a bit costly. Zeolite filters, however, recently became a promising method as an alternative in removing NH3-N.
- In addition, some leachate treatment facilities frequently employ post-treatment steps to polish the treated effluent. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis were employed in some sites to meet discharge limits; however, this is costly and may not be widely affordable in developing countries.
- There is a limitation of technical knowledge in underdeveloped countries on the management and operation of treatment facilities.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Landfill Leachate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Parameter | Unit | Young (<5 Years) | Intermediate (5–10 Years) | Stabilised (>10 Years) |
1 | pH | <6.5 | 6.5–7.5 | >7.5 | |
2 | COD | mg/L | >10,000 | 4000–10,000 | <4000 |
3 | BOD5/COD | 0.5–1.0 | 0.1–0.5 | <0.1 | |
4 | Organic compound | 80% VFA a | 5–30% VFA a + HFA b HFA b | HFA b | |
5 | NH3-N | mg/L | <400 | NA c | >400 |
6 | TOC/COD | <0.3 | 0.3–0.5 | >0.5 | |
7 | Kjeldahl nitrogen | g/L | 0.1–0.2 | NA c | NA c |
8 | Heavy metals | mg/L | Low to medium | Low | Low |
9 | Biodegradability | Important | Medium | Low |
Leachate Treatment | Landfill Age (Years) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Young (<5) | Intermediate (5–10) | Mature (>10) | |
Co-treatment with domestic wastewater | Good | Fair | Poor |
Recycling | Good | Fair | Poor |
Aerobic process (suspended growth) | Good | Fair | Poor |
Aerobic process (fixed film) | Good | Fair | Poor |
Anaerobic process (suspended growth) | Good | Fair | Poor |
Anaerobic process (fixed film) | Good | Fair | Poor |
Natural evaporation | Good | Good | Good |
Coagulation/flocculation | Poor | Fair | Fair |
Chemical precipitation | Poor | Fair | Poor |
Carbon adsorption | Poor | Fair | Good |
Oxidation | Poor | Fair | Fair |
Air stripping | Poor | Fair | Fair |
Ion exchange | Good | Good | Good |
Microfiltration | Poor | - | - |
Ultrafiltration | Poor | - | - |
Nanofiltration | Good | Good | Good |
Reverse osmosis | Good | Good | Good |
Coagulation Flocculation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter (Removals) | Turbidity (90%) NH3–N (46.7%) COD (53.9%) | TP (47%) TOC (15%) NH3–N (20%) TN (4%) | COD (61.9%) Colour (98.8%) SS (99.5%) | Organic Matter (22.57) | |
Electrocoagulation (EC) | |||||
Parameter (Removals) | (with Al electrodes) COD (70%) TN (24%) Colour (56%) Turbidity (60%) | (with Fe electrodes) COD (68%) TN (15%) Colour (28%) Turbidity (16%) | COD (60%) NH3–N (37%) Colour (94%) Turbidity (88%) SS (89%) | heavy metals Cr (51%) As (59%) Cd (71%) Zn (72%) Ba ((95%) Pb (>99%) | |
Adsorption | |||||
Parameter (Removals) | COD (77.3%) Colour (82.5%) | COD (93.6%) NH3–N (84.8%) | Colour (100%) COD (∼80%) NH3+-N (100%) | COD (36%) NH3–N (99%) Cl (18%) | COD (51.0%) NH3–N (32.8%) Cl (66.0%) Br (81.0%) Cu (97.1%) |
Treatment Method | Leachate Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOD | COD | SS | NH3-N | Colour | Heavy Metals | |
Activated Sludge Process | ▲ | ● | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ø |
Contact Aeration Process | ▲ | ● | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ø |
Rotary Biodisk Conductor Process | ▲ | ● | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ø |
Biological Trickling Process | ▲ | ● | ▲ | Ø | Ø | Ø |
Biological Nitrogen | ▲ | ● | Ø | ▲ | Ø | Ø |
Flocculation-Sedimentation | ● | ▲ | ▲ | Ø | ▲ | ● |
Sand filtration | Ø | Ø | ▲ | × | ● | × |
Activated Carbon (Adsorption) | ▲ | ▲ | ● | Ø | ▲ | ● |
Chemical Oxidation | × | ● | × | × | ▲ | × |
AOP | Removal Efficiency | AOP | Removal Efficiency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Removal (%) | Parameters | Removal (%) | ||
Fenton | TOC COD | 68.9 69.6 | Ozone (O3) | Colour COD Ammonia | 100 88 79 |
COD | 88.6 | COD Colour | 70 100 | ||
COD | 70 | COD Colour | 16.5 40.5 | ||
COD UV254 Colour | 58.70 85.69 88.30 | Humic Acid Fulvic Acid | 88 83.3 | ||
COD | 97.8 3 | COD | 43 | ||
COD BOD5 | 48 30 | COD TOC BOD5 | 65 62 36 | ||
COD TOC | 97.83 74.24 | COD UV254 | 46 51 | ||
total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon total nitrogen, colour | 88.7 100 96.5 98.2 | Colour UV | ~90 ~70 | ||
TiO2 Photocatalysis | COD Colour | 58 36 | Electro-oxidation | COD TOC | 68 40.6 |
COD TOC | 67 82.5 | COD | 80 | ||
COD | 84 | TOC Ammonium nitrogen | 40 99 | ||
Ferrosonication (FS) | COD BOD5 | 46 33 | W-doped TiO2 | COD | 46 |
Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (O3/TiO2) | COD NTU BOD5 | 24 94 98 | Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (O3/ZnO) | COD NTU BOD5 | 33 95 98 |
Physicochemical | Advantages | Disadvantages | Observations |
---|---|---|---|
Coagulation and Flocculation | Effective at removing suspended particles, humic acids, heavy metals, and organic matter. | Owing to the expense of inputs and the handling of the created chemical sludge, the system’s functioning requires very high coagulant concentrations, making it economically impracticable to implement this technology on a large scale. | For some membrane systems, this technology serves as a pre-treatment. Some membrane systems appear to use this technique as pre-treatment. |
PACT (Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment) | Removes some poisons, chlorine, phenols, ammoniacal nitrogen, colour, odour, and taste. Safeguards the process against BOD and organic toxin shock loads by stabilising it. It is simple to use, operate, and maintain and has inexpensive installation costs. Pre-treatment technology is used with several membrane systems. | High operating expenses with on-site regenerating or coal deployment, as well as outputs with high potential pollutants | Aeration, biological oxidation, and physical adsorption happen at the same time as coal is supplied directly to the reactor. |
Advanced Chemical Oxidation | It divides these high molecular weight molecules, which increases their treatability by making them more receptive to microorganisms in biological reactors and partially eliminates recalcitrant organic material and refractory chemicals. | Due to the complexity of the operation and the high cost of operation, such as energy and the value of the inputs necessary in significant doses, a competent technical operator is required. | The most common oxidative technology is ozonisation. |
Evaporation | Up to 95% reduction in leachate volume. | Polluting gases are released, and it costs a lot of energy-60 kg of gasoline are required to burn 1 m3 of leachate. An output of dry sludge equal to around 5% of the entire volume is produced. | The option that is most frequently used is the landfill’s own biogas being captured and burned. |
Combination Treatment Category | Removal Efficiency | Combination Treatment Category | Removal Efficiency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Removal (%) | Parameters | Removal (%) | ||
Advanced oxidation process/coagulation/adsorption | COD As Fe P | 94 87 96 86 | Bioreactor/coagulation | Colour COD Ammonia TSS | 85.8 84.8 94.2 91.8 |
Advanced oxidation process/adsorption | Ammonia COD Colour HA (ABS254) | 94.5 95.1 95.0 97.9 | Bioreactor/membrane | COD Fe Zn | 95 71 74 |
Advanced oxidation process/adsorption (ion-exchange) | Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Colour Turbidity COD | 90 100 98 98 98 74 | Advanced oxidation process/coagulation | COD Colour HA (UV254) | 68 97 83 |
Electrodissolution/advanced oxidation process/chemical flocculation | COD Colour Turbidity | 85 96 76 | COD HA | 90.2 93.7 | |
COD | 91 |
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Aziz, H.A.; Ramli, S.F.; Hung, Y.-T. Physicochemical Technique in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill Leachate Remediation: A Review. Water 2023, 15, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061249
Aziz HA, Ramli SF, Hung Y-T. Physicochemical Technique in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill Leachate Remediation: A Review. Water. 2023; 15(6):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061249
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz, Hamidi Abdul, Siti Fatihah Ramli, and Yung-Tse Hung. 2023. "Physicochemical Technique in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill Leachate Remediation: A Review" Water 15, no. 6: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061249