Integrated Smart Management in WDN: Methodology and Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- Section 2 presents the fundamentals, the methodological approach and the model development;
- -
- Section 3 presents the description of the case study and the characterization of the analyzed system in terms of water consumption. Moreover, different hydropower solutions are considered and compared in terms of leakage reduction and energy recovery. Finally, an economic analysis is carried out in order to assess the viability of the proposed solutions;
- -
- Section 4 presents the conclusive remarks of the proposed work.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fundamentals
2.2. Methods
- Opening of closed PRVs;
- Setting the minimum pressure downstream of the existing PRVs, with the criterion of verifying the minimum regulatory pressure at the critical points of the network.
- Implementation of two new PRVs, in a strategic location, in order to control pressure on the network and simultaneously study their possible energy use.
- Evaluation of the network leakage simulation.
2.2.1. Model Restrictions
2.2.2. Hydraulic-Energy Simulator Model
2.2.3. Potential Energy Model
2.2.4. Economic Model
3. Case Study
3.1. Brief Description
3.2. Results
3.2.1. Different Types of Demand Pattern
3.2.2. Water Losses Evaluation
3.2.3. Operating Conditions
3.2.4. Average Weekly Recovery Energy and System Efficiency
3.2.5. Energetic and Economic Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BEP | Best Efficiency Point |
B/C | Benefit/Cost ratio |
CC | Characteristic Curve |
DMA | District Metering Area |
ER | Electrical Regulation |
HER | Hydraulic and Electrical Regulation |
HR | Hydraulic Regulation |
IRR | Internal Rate of Return |
MFT | Mean failure Time |
NPV | Net Present Value |
PAT | Pumps as Turbines |
PRV | Pressure Reduction Valve |
SWG | Smart Water Grid |
PBT | Payback Period |
WDN | Water Distribution Network |
Notations/Symbols
Backpressure | |
Capital costs | |
Effectiveness | |
Energy produced | |
Nodal head | |
Available head in the system | |
Available head | |
Head delivered by the turbine | |
Rated head | |
Head loss | |
Coefficient based on demand | |
Number of floors above the ground level or years | |
Rated turbine speed | |
Operation costs | |
Reposition costs | |
Engine or mechanical power | |
Hydraulic power | |
Rated power | |
Discharge | |
Bypass discharge | |
Discharge delivered by the turbine | |
Rated flow | |
Turbine discharge | |
Total peak flow | |
Revenues | |
Discount rate | |
Time interval | |
Specific weight of the fluid | |
Failure rate | |
Efficiency | |
Capability | |
Turbine efficiency | |
Reliability | |
Mass density of the fluid | |
Flexibility | |
Sustainability |
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PAT | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Etanorm 32–160 | 3.33 | 7.31 | 11 | 34 | 5.55 | 21 | 0.6 |
Etanorm 40–200 | 5.56 | 13.4 | 16 | 52.5 | 10 | 32 | 0.57 |
Types Demand | Average Flow Distributed in the Period () | Daily Leakage Volume () | Total Leakage Volume in the Analyzed Period () | Yearly Total Leakage Volume () |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 8.12 | 30.64 | 5576 | 11,623 |
High | 11.74 | 30.99 | 1921 | |
Very high | 18.28 | 33.82 | 4126 |
Type of Demand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 46.9 | 59.6 | 53.4 | 87.4 | 99.3 | 98.6 | 100 |
High | 40.6 | 56.6 | 47.5 | 86.6 | 99.3 | 98.2 | 100 |
Very high | 27.3 | 39.2 | 34.3 | 80 | 80 | 99.6 | 100 |
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Ramos, H.M.; Morani, M.C.; Pugliese, F.; Fecarotta, O. Integrated Smart Management in WDN: Methodology and Application. Water 2023, 15, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061217
Ramos HM, Morani MC, Pugliese F, Fecarotta O. Integrated Smart Management in WDN: Methodology and Application. Water. 2023; 15(6):1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061217
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos, Helena M., Maria Cristina Morani, Francesco Pugliese, and Oreste Fecarotta. 2023. "Integrated Smart Management in WDN: Methodology and Application" Water 15, no. 6: 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061217
APA StyleRamos, H. M., Morani, M. C., Pugliese, F., & Fecarotta, O. (2023). Integrated Smart Management in WDN: Methodology and Application. Water, 15(6), 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061217