Optimizing the Flocculation Effect of Cationic Polyacrylamide Prepared with UV-Initiated Polymerization by Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Polymer Preparation
3. Single-Factor Flocculation Test, Results and Discussion
3.1. Single Factor Flocculation Test Design
3.2. Results and Discussion of the Single-Factor Flocculation Test
3.2.1. Impact of Wastewater pH on the Flocculation Effect of CPAM
3.2.2. Impacts of the Dosage and Intrinsic Viscosity of CPAM on Its Flocculation Effect
3.2.3. Impact of the Dosage and Cationic Degree of CPAM on Its Flocculation Effect
3.2.4. Impact of Stirring Time on Flocculation Properties of CPAM
3.2.5. Impact of the Settling Time on CPAM Flocculation Efficiency
4. RSM Flocculation Test, Results and Discussion
4.1. RSM Flocculation Test Design
4.2. Results and Discussion of the RSM Flocculation Test
4.2.1. Discussion of RSM Test Results
4.2.2. Model Fitting
4.2.3. Response Surface Analysis
4.2.4. Flocculating Optimization and Model Validation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CPAM Number | Intrinsic Viscosity (dL·g−1) | Cationic Degree (%) | The Main Parameters of the Polymerization Process | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Molar Ratio of AM and DMD | Dosage of V-50 Initiator (%) | Total Monomer Content (%) | |||
CPAM-8.03-15.8 | 8.03 | 15.8 | 7:3 | 0.08 | 30 |
CPAM-7.91-33.5 | 7.91 | 33.5 | 5:5 | 0.05 | 30 |
CPAM-8.14-40.2 | 8.14 | 40.2 | 4:6 | 0.03 | 30 |
CPAM-5.82-28.1 | 5.82 | 28.1 | 5:5 | 0.13 | 30 |
CPAM-8.12-27.9 | 8.12 | 27.9 | 5:5 | 0.04 | 30 |
CPAM-9.51-28.3 | 9.51 | 28.3 | 5:5 | 0.03 | 30 |
Variable Code | Variables | Variable Levels and Corresponding Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Z1 | CPAM dosage (mg·L−1) | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Z2 | Wastewater pH | 4 | 6 | 8 |
Z3 | Stirring time (minutes) | 4 | 6 | 8 |
Run | CPAM Dosage (mg·L−1) | Wastewater pH | Stirring Time (Minutes) | Response Value of Turbidity (NTU) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actual | Predicted | |||||
Equation (2) | Equation (3) | |||||
1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 8.90 | 8.82 | 8.82 |
2 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 32.80 | 32.45 | 32.45 |
3 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 33.30 | 33.50 | 32.43 |
4 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 8.80 | 8.82 | 8.82 |
5 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 33.10 | 32.85 | 32.85 |
6 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 8.10 | 8.82 | 8.82 |
7 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 4.0 | 16.50 | 16.85 | 16.85 |
8 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 13.00 | 12.80 | 12.73 |
9 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 24.30 | 24.25 | 24.25 |
10 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 25.80 | 26.65 | 25.65 |
11 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 9.20 | 8.82 | 8.82 |
12 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 27.10 | 27.50 | 27.58 |
13 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 32.10 | 32.25 | 32.25 |
14 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 18.9 | 18.50 | 18.58 |
15 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 9.10 | 8.82 | 8.82 |
16 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 29.3 | 29.35 | 29.35 |
17 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 18.5 | 18.75 | 18.75 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Squares | F Value | p Value Prob > F | Remark | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Equation (2) | 1532.076706 | 9 | 170.2307451 | 759.9586835 | <0.0001 | significant |
Equation (3) | 1532.054206 | 8 | 191.5067757 | 963.2531945 | <0.0001 | significant | |
Z1-the CPAM dosage(mg·L−1) | Equation (2) | 68.445 | 1 | 68.445 | 305.5580357 | <0.0001 | |
Equation (3) | 68.445 | 1 | 68.445 | 344.2690978 | <0.0001 | ||
Z2-the wastewater pH | Equation (2) | 441.045 | 1 | 441.045 | 1968.950893 | <0.0001 | |
Equation (3) | 441.045 | 1 | 441.045 | 2218.396731 | <0.0001 | ||
Z3-the stirring time(minutes) | Equation (2) | 1.125 | 1 | 1.125 | 5.022321429 | 0.06 | |
Equation (3) | 1.125 | 1 | 1.125 | 5.658597925 | 0.0446 | ||
Z12 | Equation (2) | 0.0225 | 1 | 0.0225 | 0.100446429 | 0.7605 | |
Equation (3) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
Z13 | Equation (2) | 4.6225 | 1 | 4.6225 | 20.63616071 | 0.0027 | |
Equation (3) | 4.6225 | 1 | 4.6225 | 23.25055014 | 0.0013 | ||
Z23 | Equation (2) | 1.3225 | 1 | 1.3225 | 5.904017857 | 0.0454 | |
Equation (3) | 1.3225 | 1 | 1.3225 | 6.651996228 | 0.0327 | ||
Z12 | Equation (2) | 300.8200263 | 1 | 300.8200263 | 1342.946546 | <0.0001 | |
Equation (3) | 300.8200263 | 1 | 300.8200263 | 1513.084068 | <0.0001 | ||
Z22 | Equation (2) | 141.7642368 | 1 | 141.7642368 | 632.8760573 | <0.0001 | |
Equation (3) | 141.7642368 | 1 | 141.7642368 | 713.054948 | <0.0001 | ||
Z32 | Equation (2) | 473.3179211 | 1 | 473.3179211 | 2113.026433 | <0.0001 | |
Equation (3) | 473.3179211 | 1 | 473.3179211 | 2380.725161 | <0.0001 | ||
Residual | Equation (2) | 1.568 | 7 | 0.224 | |||
Equation (3) | 1.5905 | 8 | 0.1988125 | ||||
Lack of fit | Equation (2) | 0.82 | 3 | 0.273333333 | 1.461675579 | 0.3512 | not significant |
Equation (3) | 0.8425 | 4 | 0.210625 | 1.126336898 | 0.4555 | not significant | |
Pure error | Equation (2) | 0.748 | 4 | 0.187 | |||
Equation (3) | 0.748 | 4 | 0.187 | ||||
Cor total | Equation (2) | 1533.644706 | 16 | ||||
Equation (3) | 1533.644706 | 16 | |||||
R2 | Equation (2) | 0.9938 | |||||
Equation (3) | 0.9907 | ||||||
R2adj | Equation (2) | 0.9979 | |||||
Equation (3) | 0.9977 |
Flocculation Conditions | Wastewater Turbidity (NTU) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPAM Dosage (mg·L−1) | Wastewater pH | Stirring Time (Minutes) | Settling Time (Minutes) | Average of Measured Value | Predicted Value |
5.83 | 7.28 | 5.95 | 30 | 6.49 | 6.18 |
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Fu, C.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, L.; Wang, H.; Liu, S.; Hua, X.; Li, B. Optimizing the Flocculation Effect of Cationic Polyacrylamide Prepared with UV-Initiated Polymerization by Response Surface Methodology. Water 2023, 15, 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061200
Fu C, Zhang Z, Li Y, Li L, Wang H, Liu S, Hua X, Li B. Optimizing the Flocculation Effect of Cationic Polyacrylamide Prepared with UV-Initiated Polymerization by Response Surface Methodology. Water. 2023; 15(6):1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061200
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Chaochen, Zhengan Zhang, Yuying Li, Lin Li, Hongtian Wang, Shaobo Liu, Xia Hua, and Bailian Li. 2023. "Optimizing the Flocculation Effect of Cationic Polyacrylamide Prepared with UV-Initiated Polymerization by Response Surface Methodology" Water 15, no. 6: 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061200