Can Remotely Sensed Snow Disappearance Explain Seasonal Water Supply?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Description
2.2. Evaluation of the Relationship between DSD and Seasonal Water Supply
2.3. Analysis of Predictive Skill
2.4. Model Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Evaluating the Relationship between Satellite Variables and Seasonal Water Supply
3.2. Evaluation of Forecast Skill of Linear Models Only Using Satellite Data
3.3. Evaluation of Skill of Linear Models Combining Satellite and In Situ Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Insights and Implications
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basin Name | USGS Gage Name | USGS ID | Gage Location | Gage Elevation (m) | Basin Area (km2) | SNOTEL Station | SNOTEL Elevation (m) | SWE/P Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walker R. | W Walker River near Coleville, CA | 10,296,000 | 38.38, −119.45 | 2008 | 471 | 575 | 2191 | 0.84 |
Carson R. | E F Carson River near Markleeville, CA | 10,308,200 | 38.71, −119.76 | 1646 | 718 | 697 | 2358 | 0.82 |
East R. | East River at Almont, CO | 9,112,500 | 38.66, −106.85 | 2440 | 750 | 380 | 3109 | 0.92 |
Crystal R. | Crystal River near Redstone, CO | 9,081,600 | 39.23, −107.23 | 2105 | 434 | 618 | 2674 | 0.82 |
San Juan R. | San Juan River at Pagosa Springs, CO | 9,342,500 | 37.27, −107.01 | 2148 | 727 | 840 | 3091 | 0.80 |
Little Wood R. | Little Wood River near Carey, ID | 13,147,900 | 43.49, −114.06 | 1621 | 655 | 805 | 2329 | 0.75 |
Swan R. | Swan River near Bigfork, MT | 12,370,000 | 48.02, −113.98 | 933 | 1753 | 562 | 1448 | 0.76 |
Bruneau R. | Bruneau River at Rowland, NV | 13,161,500 | 41.93, −115.67 | 1372 | 988 | 746 | 2240 | 0.68 |
Sandy R. | Sandy River near Marmot, OR | 14,137,000 | 45.40, −112.14 | 0 | 711 | 655 | 1241 | 0.41 |
Santiam R. | North Santiam River near Detroit, OR | 14,178,000 | 44.71, −122.10 | 485 | 553 | 614 | 789 | 0.24 |
Blacksmith Fork | Blacksmith Fork near Hyrum, UT | 10,113,500 | 41.62, −111.74 | 1530 | 681 | 634 | 2722 | 0.98 |
Sevier R. | Sevier River at Hatch, UT | 10,174,500 | 37.65, −113.43 | 2094 | 864 | 390 | 2928 | 0.74 |
Lamar R. | Lamar River near Tower Falls Ranger Station, YNP | 6,188,000 | 44.93, −110.39 | 1829 | 1741 | 683 | 2865 | 0.96 |
Pacific Cr. | Pacific Creek at Moran, WY | 13,011,500 | 43.85, −110.52 | 2048 | 407 | 314 | 2152 | 0.96 |
Stehekin R. | Stehekin River at Stehekin, WA | 12,451,000 | 48.33, −120.69 | 335 | 839 | 681 | 1402 | 0.86 |
Model Classifier | Input Variables | Units |
---|---|---|
Sat_DSD | Day of Snow Disappearance (DSD) | Day of year |
Sat_SFF | Snow free fraction (SFF) | Percentage (%) |
Sat_combo | DSD and SFF | Day of year; percentage (%) |
Phys_SWE | SNOTEL snow water equivalent (SWE) | mm |
SatPhys_combo | DSD, SFF, and SNOTEL SWE | Day of year; percentage (%); mm |
Basin | Mean DSD | Center of Water Supply Volume | DSD-VAMJJ R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
East R. | 130 | 152 | 0.82 | 8.30 × 10−8 |
San Juan R. | 114 | 143 | 0.80 | 2.20 × 10−7 |
Crystal R. | 136 | 157 | 0.80 | 2.50 × 10−7 |
Sevier R. | 95 | 143 | 0.57 | 1.80 × 10−4 |
Pacific Cr. | 141 | 147 | 0.60 | 1.10 × 10−4 |
Walker R. | 135 | 150 | 0.79 | 4.50 × 10−7 |
Lamar R. | 140 | 152 | 0.46 | 1.50 × 10−3 |
Carson R. | 119 | 141 | 0.74 | 2.10 × 10−6 |
Little Wood R. | 107 | 142 | 0.41 | 3.00 × 10−3 |
Blacksmith Fork | 105 | 139 | 0.48 | 1.00 × 10−3 |
Bruneau R. | 83 | 130 | 0.38 | 4.80 × 10−3 |
Swan R. | 111 | 153 | 0.39 | 4.00 × 10−3 |
Santiam R. | 102 | 135 | 0.79 | 4.50 × 10−7 |
Stehekin R. | 150 | 153 | 0.60 | 9.30 × 10−5 |
Sandy R. | 75 | 132 | 0.52 | 4.90 × 10−4 |
1 April | 15 April | 1 May | 15 May | 1 June | Mean | Median | |
Sat_DSD | −0.07 | −0.28 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.10 | −0.07 |
Sat_SFF | −0.21 | −0.29 | −0.16 | −0.35 | 0.27 | −0.15 | −0.21 |
Sat_combo | −0.11 | −0.20 | 0.22 | −0.26 | 0.33 | 0.00 | −0.11 |
Phys_SWE | −0.17 | −0.26 | −0.57 * | −0.64 * | 0.11 | −0.31 | −0.26 |
SatPhys_Combo | −0.28 | −0.23 | −0.09 | −0.19 | 0.24 | −0.11 | −0.19 |
Mean | −0.17 | −0.25 | −0.15 | −0.29 | 0.20 | ||
Median | −0.17 | −0.26 | −0.15 | −0.26 | 0.24 |
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Bishay, K.; Bjarke, N.R.; Modi, P.; Pflug, J.M.; Livneh, B. Can Remotely Sensed Snow Disappearance Explain Seasonal Water Supply? Water 2023, 15, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061147
Bishay K, Bjarke NR, Modi P, Pflug JM, Livneh B. Can Remotely Sensed Snow Disappearance Explain Seasonal Water Supply? Water. 2023; 15(6):1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061147
Chicago/Turabian StyleBishay, Kaitlyn, Nels R. Bjarke, Parthkumar Modi, Justin M. Pflug, and Ben Livneh. 2023. "Can Remotely Sensed Snow Disappearance Explain Seasonal Water Supply?" Water 15, no. 6: 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061147