Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
2.2. Characteristics of the Study Area
2.3. Sample Collection and Basic Analysis
2.4. Extracting Water Samples for PPCP Analysis
2.5. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
2.6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2.7. Environmental Risk Assessment
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence of PPCPs in the Lianjiang River
3.2. Seasonal Variations in PPCPs in the Lianjiang River
3.3. Correlation between PPCPs and Environmental Parameters
3.4. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Abbreviation | Green Algae (EC) (mg/L) | Daphnia (LC) (mg/L) | Fish (LC) (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sulfamethoxazole | SMX | 6.62 | 1.87 | 410.76 |
Sulfamonomethoxine | SMM | 8.77 | 1.20 | 2351.88 |
Sulfamethazine | SMZ | 6.26 | 2.05 | 291.39 |
Enrofloxacin | EFX | 561.23 | 504.57 | 4922.63 |
Ciprofloxacin | CFX | 1621.63 | 1240.43 | 13,131.42 |
Carbamazepine | CBZ | 0.26 | 14.90 | 41.33 |
Caffeine | CAF | 0.77 | 11.93 | 111.50 |
Chloramphenicol | CMP | 185.31 | 643.46 | 883.29 |
Florfenicol | FFC | 912.55 | 4570.40 | 6764.04 |
(a) | |||||
Compound | Abbreviation | Range | Median | Mean | Frequency (%) |
Sulfamethoxazole | SMX | ND–47.15 | 0.58 | 5.54 | 74 |
Sulfamonomethoxine | SMM | ND–13.8 | 0.67 | 1.81 | 74 |
Sulfamethazine | SMZ | ND–0.58 | 0 | 0.19 | 42 |
Enrofloxacin | EFX | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ciprofloxacin | CFX | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Carbamazepine | CBZ | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Caffeine | CAF | 4.7–115.5 | 47.7 | 51.76 | 100 |
Chloramphenicol | CMP | ND | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Florfenicol | FFC | ND–74.5 | 4.99 | 11.21 | 89 |
(b) | |||||
Compound | Abbreviation | Range | Median | Mean | Frequency (%) |
Sulfamethoxazole | SMX | ND–35.25 | 1.1 | 3.41 | 68 |
Sulfamonomethoxine | SMM | ND–7.75 | 0.6 | 1.22 | 68 |
Sulfamethazine | SMZ | ND–10.5 | 0 | 1.02 | 40 |
Enrofloxacin | EFX | ND–3.74 | 0 | 0.31 | 11 |
Ciprofloxacin | CFX | ND–775 | 0 | 41.25 | 11 |
Carbamazepine | CBZ | ND–18.9 | 0.4 | 1.46 | 89 |
Caffeine | CAF | 18.7–815 | 78 | 116.6 | 100 |
Chloramphenicol | CMP | ND–3.43 | 0 | 0.29 | 21 |
Florfenicol | FFC | ND–690 | 28 | 75.68 | 95 |
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Zhang, P.; Liang, Z.; Yang, Z.; Wu, Q.; Li, R.; Tian, D.; Li, S.; Wu, J.; Ren, K.; Gao, L.; et al. Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China. Water 2023, 15, 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061136
Zhang P, Liang Z, Yang Z, Wu Q, Li R, Tian D, Li S, Wu J, Ren K, Gao L, et al. Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China. Water. 2023; 15(6):1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061136
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Pengcheng, Zuobing Liang, Zaizhi Yang, Qirui Wu, Rui Li, Di Tian, Shaoheng Li, Jieshan Wu, Kun Ren, Lei Gao, and et al. 2023. "Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China" Water 15, no. 6: 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061136
APA StyleZhang, P., Liang, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, Q., Li, R., Tian, D., Li, S., Wu, J., Ren, K., Gao, L., & Chen, J. (2023). Occurrences, Seasonal Variations, and Potential Risks of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Lianjiang River, South of China. Water, 15(6), 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061136