Microplastic Toxicity and Trophic Transfer in Freshwater Organisms: Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Assessment in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Echinogammarus veneris (Heller, 1865) Treated with Polyethylene Microparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Microplastic, Reagent and Chemical Characteristics
2.2. Spirodela polyrhiza–Growth and Experimental Treatment
2.3. Echinogammarus veneris–Growth and Experimental Treatment
2.4. Plant Biometric and Physiological Traits Evaluation
- -
- Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) = (R531 − R570)/(R531 + R570) [62]
- -
- Pigment Specific Simple Ratio a (PSSRa) = (R800)/(R680) [63]
- -
- Pigment Specific Simple Ratio b (PSSRb) = (R800)/(R635) [63]
- -
- Pigment Specific Simple Ratio c (PSSRc) = (R800)/(R470) [63]
- -
- Normalized Phaeophytinization Index (NPQI) = (R415 − R435)/(R415 + R435) [64]
- -
- Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) = (1/R550)/(1/R700) [65].
2.5. Evaluation of MP Transfer from S. polyrhiza to E. veneris
2.6. Genotoxicity Test in E. veneris
2.7. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Biometric Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TFA (mm2) | MFA (mm2) | FN | MR | Td | μ(t0–7) | |
C | 1376 ± 54 | 23.349 ± 0.001 | 59.0 ± 2.6 | 79.5 ± 2.8 | 2.39 ± 0.03 | 0.171 ± 0.005 |
MP | 1275 ± 50 | 23.322 ± 0.001 | 54.6 ± 2.1 | 74.8 ± 2.3 | 2.45 ± 0.03 | 0.160 ± 0.005 |
P | 0.241 | 0.891 | 0.263 | 0.268 | 0.272 | 0.246 |
Treatment | Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Chlorophyll Content | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fv/Fm (rel. un.) | Φ PSII (rel. un.) | NPQ (rel. un.) | ETR (µmol Elect m−2 s−1) | Abs (rel. un.) | Chl (g m−2) | |
C | 0.780 ± 0.003 | 0.634 ± 0.005 | 0.423 ± 0.043 | 16.15 ± 0.06 | 0.857 ± 0.003 a | 0.400 ± 0.010 a |
MP | 0.777 ± 0.003 | 0.633 ± 0.008 | 0.421 ± 0.075 | 15.83 ± 0.19 | 0.829 ± 0.002 b | 0.328 ± 0.007 b |
P | 0.626 | 0.928 | 0.978 | 0.110 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Treatment | Light Response Curves Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|
α | ETRmax | Ek | |
C | 0.358 ± 0.003 | 29.31 ± 0.91 | 81.74 ± 2.81 |
MP | 0.351 ± 0.008 | 28.04 ± 0.50 | 80.05 ± 3.31 |
P | 0.449 | 0.289 | 0.716 |
Treatment | Spectral Index Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRI | PSSRa | PSSRb | PSSRc | NPQI | ARI | |
C | 0.029 ± 0.001 | 12.35 ± 0.58 a | 5.39 ± 0.22 a | 12.21 ± 0.55 a | 0.065 ± 0.005 | −0.148 ± 0.026 |
MP | 0.024 ± 0.002 | 9.45 ± 0.28 b | 4.35 ± 0.19 b | 9.42 ± 0.19 b | 0.055 ± 0.012 | −0.085 ± 0.029 |
P | 0.100 | 0.011 | 0.024 | 0.009 | 0.531 | 0.157 |
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Iannilli, V.; Passatore, L.; Carloni, S.; Lecce, F.; Sciacca, G.; Zacchini, M.; Pietrini, F. Microplastic Toxicity and Trophic Transfer in Freshwater Organisms: Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Assessment in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Echinogammarus veneris (Heller, 1865) Treated with Polyethylene Microparticles. Water 2023, 15, 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050921
Iannilli V, Passatore L, Carloni S, Lecce F, Sciacca G, Zacchini M, Pietrini F. Microplastic Toxicity and Trophic Transfer in Freshwater Organisms: Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Assessment in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Echinogammarus veneris (Heller, 1865) Treated with Polyethylene Microparticles. Water. 2023; 15(5):921. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050921
Chicago/Turabian StyleIannilli, Valentina, Laura Passatore, Serena Carloni, Francesca Lecce, Giulia Sciacca, Massimo Zacchini, and Fabrizio Pietrini. 2023. "Microplastic Toxicity and Trophic Transfer in Freshwater Organisms: Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Assessment in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Echinogammarus veneris (Heller, 1865) Treated with Polyethylene Microparticles" Water 15, no. 5: 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050921
APA StyleIannilli, V., Passatore, L., Carloni, S., Lecce, F., Sciacca, G., Zacchini, M., & Pietrini, F. (2023). Microplastic Toxicity and Trophic Transfer in Freshwater Organisms: Ecotoxicological and Genotoxic Assessment in Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and Echinogammarus veneris (Heller, 1865) Treated with Polyethylene Microparticles. Water, 15(5), 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050921