Historical Review on Water Level Changes in Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Incomparable Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Regional Hydrology
2.2. Anthropogenic Involvement
Lake Water Balance (Table 1)
Input | Output | ||
---|---|---|---|
Golan Heights rivers | 145 | Evaporation | 280 |
Jordan and headwater sources | 480 (northern consumption abstracted) | Southern Jordan Spiling | 80 |
Direct Rainfall | 75 | Local Consumption | 60 |
Eastern Galilee rivers | 75 | National Water Carrier | 380 |
Jarmuch diversion | 25 | Total Output | 800 |
Total input | 800 |
3. Statistical Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Discussion
4.1.1. Complex Interactions in WL Management
4.1.2. The Dramatic WL Decline in SAT Lakes
4.1.3. Lake Sevan
4.1.4. Lake Tchad
4.1.5. The Aral Sea
4.1.6. SAT and Kinneret Incomparability
5. Conclusive Remarks
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Units | Value |
---|---|---|
Water Surface | km2 | 169.5 |
Maximum Depth (M), latitude | Meter mbsl | 48 256 |
Mean Depth | Meter | 26 |
Mean/Maximal depths Ratio | No dimension | 0.54 |
Volume | km3 | 4.471 |
Maximal Length | km | 22 |
Maximal Width | km | 12 |
Shore line length | km | 55 |
Shore line development Value (D) | No dimension | 1.19 |
Morphometric Parameter | Kinneret | Sevan |
---|---|---|
Surface | 6.55% | 12.7% |
Volume | 22.7% | 43.8% |
Maximal Depth | 12.8% | 19.6% |
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Gophen, M. Historical Review on Water Level Changes in Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Incomparable Perspectives. Water 2023, 15, 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050837
Gophen M. Historical Review on Water Level Changes in Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Incomparable Perspectives. Water. 2023; 15(5):837. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050837
Chicago/Turabian StyleGophen, Moshe. 2023. "Historical Review on Water Level Changes in Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Incomparable Perspectives" Water 15, no. 5: 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050837
APA StyleGophen, M. (2023). Historical Review on Water Level Changes in Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Incomparable Perspectives. Water, 15(5), 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050837