Climate Water Balance in the Warm Half-Year and Its Circulation Conditions in the Sudetes Mountains and Their Foreland (Poland and Czechia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. RR, Ep, and CWB in the Warm Half-Year of 1981–2020
3.2. Multiannual Changes of RR, Ep, and CWB
3.3. RR, Ep, CWB, and Circulation Conditions
3.4. Changes in RR, Ep, and CWB Depending on the Circulation Conditions
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- CWB has not significantly changed over the last decades in the Sudetes Mountains and their foreland. However, the positive trend for Ep can potentially contribute to the decrease in CWB in the future if such a trend continues.
- The rates of Ep in the warm half year of 1981–2020 have noticeably increased in all the hypsometric zones. Consequently, a further increase can have a crucial effect on the ecological state of the summit zone and for the agriculture production in the regions located lower down.
- The significant changes in CWB under the eastern, western, and southern circulation are generally the result of the negative/positive trend for the frequency of these types of circulation. The negative trends of CWB for the southern circulation concern the eastern part of the region, while the increase under the eastern types mainly affects the Western Sudetes. Such a distribution can additionally intensify differences in CWB between the Eastern and Western Sudetes.
- Taking into account both changes in CWB for the southern, western, and eastern circulation and non-significant trends for the vorticity types, it can be assumed that changes in CWB can be more related to the influence of circulation sectors than to the vorticity.
- Considering the fact that extreme precipitations in the Sudetes Mountains often occur under the eastern circulation (such as SEc), the positive trend for this type of weather can contribute to the further intensification of heavy rainfall episodes.
- Taking into account the sensitivity of mountain regions to the CWB changes, the results of this study can be applied in the planning process related to the local water management and ecological activities. They can also be used in the analysis concerning the hydrological aspects of water balance in the Sudetes Mountains and their foreland.
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Abbreviation | Location | Altitude [m] |
---|---|---|---|
Wrocław | WR | Poland | 120 |
Legnica | LE | Poland | 122 |
Hradec Králové | HK | Czechia | 278 |
Jelenia Góra | JG | Poland | 342 |
Kłodzko | KL | Poland | 356 |
Hejnice | HE | Czechia | 396 |
Liberec | LB | Czechia | 398 |
Ústí nad Orlicí | US | Czechia | 402 |
Luka | LU | Czechia | 510 |
Světlá Hora | SH | Czechia | 593 |
Červená | CE | Czechia | 748 |
Desná-Souš | DS | Czechia | 772 |
Śnieżka | ŚN | Poland | 1603 |
Station | Tmax | T | Tmin | U | v | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | 21.2 | 15.6 | 10.2 | 74 | 2.8 | 1244 |
LE | 21.1 | 15.5 | 10.1 | 75 | 3.1 | 1204 |
HK | 21.5 | 15.8 | 10.5 | 71 | 2.6 | 1217 |
JG | 19.8 | 13.8 | 7.9 | 78 | 2.0 | 1131 |
KL | 19.6 | 14.0 | 8.8 | 78 | 2.2 | 1166 |
HE | 19.9 | 14.3 | 9.6 | 75 | 2.1 | 1043 |
LB | 19.5 | 14.0 | 9.1 | 74 | 2.7 | 1080 |
US | 20.2 | 14.5 | 9.1 | 74 | 2.9 | 1170 |
LU | 19.3 | 14.4 | 10.1 | 72 | 3.9 | 1208 |
SH | 18.7 | 12.7 | 6.7 | 83 | 1.9 | 1087 |
CE | 17.2 | 12.8 | 9.2 | 76 | 3.5 | 1164 |
DS | 16.6 | 11.6 | 7.4 | 81 | 2.6 | 1052 |
ŚN | 9.2 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 88 | 10.3 | 923 |
Station | Max | Year | Min | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
WR | 31.5 | 2020 | −417.6 | 2015 |
LE | 50.1 | 2001 | −421.2 | 2018 |
HK | 39.7 | 1987 | −485.9 | 2018 |
JG | 263.2 | 1997 | −308.1 | 2018 |
KL | 171.7 | 2020 | −358.8 | 2015 |
HE | 592.0 | 2010 | −290.7 | 2018 |
LB | 425.2 | 2010 | −386.7 | 2018 |
US | 291.0 | 2020 | −346.4 | 2018 |
LU | 39.8 | 2010 | −411.8 | 2018 |
SH | 153.6 | 2020 | −254.2 | 2015 |
CE | 189.4 | 1997 | −260.9 | 1992 |
DS | 602.8 | 1981 | −115.3 | 2018 |
ŚN | 555.8 | 1981 | −29.0 | 2003 |
Station | RR | Ep | CWB |
---|---|---|---|
WR | 12.9 | 27.7 | −14.8 |
LE | 11.9 | 22.6 | −10.7 |
HK | −3.1 | 19.9 | −23.0 |
JG | 18.8 | 23.8 | −5.0 |
KL | 18.4 | 17.1 | 1.4 |
HE | 14.5 | 8.9 | 5.6 |
LB | 12.3 | 18.3 | −6.1 |
US | 16.9 | 12.1 | 4.8 |
LU | 4.1 | 23.6 | −19.5 |
SH | −5.8 | 8.3 | −14.0 |
CE | 5.8 | 16.6 | −10.8 |
DS | −0.3 | −0.1 | −0.2 |
ŚN | −0.1 | 18.3 | −18.4 |
Station | U [% per Decade] | SD [Hours per Decade] |
---|---|---|
WR | −1.3 | 84.1 |
LE | −1.2 | 83.6 |
HK | −0.8 | 43.2 |
JG | −0.4 | 107.5 |
KL | −0.7 | 40.1 |
HE | −1.0 | 29.8 |
LB | −1.7 | 42.1 |
US | −0.3 | 31.8 |
LU | −1.0 | 22.3 |
SH | −2.1 | 2.5 |
CE | −0.4 | 4.9 |
DS | −0.1 | −20.0 |
ŚN | −0.9 | 52.2 |
Change | Anticyclonic | Cyclonic | Transitional | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(days/ decade) | −1.30 | 0.47 | 0.83 | −0.34 | −0.73 | −0.75 | 4.02 | −0.36 |
Vorticity Types | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anticyclonic | −1.52 | 0.20 | −0.60 | 0.72 | −0.25 |
Cyclonic | 1.44 | −0.81 | 0.02 | 1.54 | −0.23 |
Transitional | −0.25 | −0.11 | −0.17 | 1.76 | 0.12 |
Station | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | −57.0 | −81.2 | −86.6 | −38.7 | −22.2 |
LE | −58.8 | −76.8 | −96.1 | −35.4 | −21.7 |
HK | −67.7 | −67.6 | −76.2 | −53.3 | −24.5 |
JG | 20.6 | −33.8 | −41.3 | 12.7 | 0.0 |
KL | −16.7 | −43.0 | −57.3 | 4.0 | −13.0 |
HE | 81.4 | −5.7 | 9.2 | 51.6 | 12.2 |
LB | 0.6 | −28.9 | −27.4 | −5.0 | −8.6 |
US | −25.9 | −40.8 | −43.9 | −19.9 | −10.0 |
LU | −58.8 | −64.8 | −77.9 | −25.8 | −19.0 |
SH | −6.1 | −13.1 | −22.3 | 16.1 | −8.8 |
CE | 4.6 | −27.0 | −24.3 | 18.1 | −11.8 |
DS | 125.6 | 42.1 | 92.9 | 42.2 | 16.5 |
ŚN | 130.0 | 57.7 | 65.9 | 105.9 | 21.9 |
Station | Anticyclonic | Cyclonic | Transitional | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | −0.11 | 6.10 | 6.87 | 9.97 | −4.28 | −3.39 | 0.39 | 1.02 |
LE | −0.26 | 7.75 | 4.44 | 11.29 | −3.17 | −4.67 | 0.46 | 1.30 |
HK | −4.41 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 3.13 | −11.04 | −4.30 | 0.25 | −2.54 |
JG | −1.67 | 10.32 | 10.16 | 7.98 | 0.68 | −1.78 | 0.40 | 0.44 |
KL | 1.27 | 10.51 | 6.67 | 10.53 | −0.49 | −5.52 | 0.39 | −0.04 |
HE | 0.18 | 11.94 | 2.40 | 11.93 | −4.02 | −13.27 | 0.39 | −1.18 |
LB | 2.45 | 4.00 | 5.83 | 6.69 | −3.15 | −9.90 | 0.35 | 1.46 |
US | 6.66 | 2.74 | 7.52 | 7.77 | −5.19 | −2.37 | 0.45 | 3.69 |
LU | 3.22 | −5.24 | 6.09 | 9.71 | −9.81 | −4.52 | 0.28 | 1.82 |
SH | 0.86 | −8.02 | 1.37 | 4.96 | −14.75 | −12.32 | 0.31 | 0.09 |
CE | 5.02 | −3.01 | 3.75 | 15.51 | −17.39 | −6.06 | 0.38 | 1.28 |
DS | 1.96 | −0.87 | −1.38 | 9.87 | −8.27 | −15.12 | 0.40 | −1.18 |
ŚN | −5.30 | 4.79 | 0.41 | −4.05 | 1.19 | 5.06 | 0.21 | −2.18 |
Station | Anticyclonic | Cyclonic | Transitional | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | 5.89 | 11.42 | 10.36 | 0.32 | 7.16 | 9.00 | 15.22 | 3.14 |
LE | 3.82 | 10.14 | 8.64 | 0.26 | 5.77 | 6.74 | 13.54 | 2.69 |
HK | 3.43 | 7.71 | 8.81 | 0.23 | 4.75 | 6.37 | 13.15 | 2.37 |
JG | 4.95 | 9.60 | 9.30 | 0.36 | 5.88 | 7.97 | 12.88 | 2.97 |
KL | 1.92 | 8.07 | 7.10 | 0.25 | 4.20 | 5.47 | 11.17 | 1.79 |
HE | −1.41 | 5.14 | 5.17 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 1.90 | 9.12 | 1.58 |
LB | 0.86 | 9.50 | 7.98 | 0.25 | 3.82 | 6.04 | 11.73 | 2.12 |
US | −0.39 | 6.34 | 6.19 | 0.16 | 2.41 | 3.66 | 10.16 | 1.26 |
LU | 5.33 | 9.07 | 9.17 | 0.24 | 7.29 | 7.85 | 14.12 | 2.23 |
SH | −2.03 | 5.88 | 4.40 | 0.12 | 2.20 | 2.56 | 8.50 | 0.56 |
CE | 1.35 | 7.68 | 7.57 | 0.16 | 5.96 | 6.26 | 10.54 | 1.62 |
DS | −8.01 | 4.59 | 3.31 | −0.02 | −1.33 | −0.28 | 5.11 | 0.26 |
ŚN | 2.52 | 7.40 | 8.37 | 0.25 | 6.77 | 7.22 | 8.19 | 2.33 |
Station | Anticyclonic | Cyclonic | Transitional | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | −6.00 | −5.32 | −3.49 | 0.87 | −11.44 | −12.39 | 10.22 | −2.12 |
LE | −4.08 | −2.39 | −4.19 | 3.56 | −8.94 | −11.42 | 11.43 | −1.39 |
HK | −7.84 | −7.13 | −8.03 | −3.31 | −15.78 | −10.67 | −0.77 | −4.92 |
JG | −6.62 | 0.73 | 0.86 | −0.55 | −5.20 | −9.75 | 17.80 | −2.53 |
KL | −0.65 | 2.44 | −0.43 | 4.79 | −4.69 | −10.99 | 14.30 | −1.83 |
HE | 1.59 | 6.80 | −2.76 | 8.74 | −4.49 | −15.17 | 33.72 | −2.76 |
LB | 1.59 | −5.50 | −2.15 | −0.09 | −6.97 | −15.94 | 19.71 | −0.66 |
US | 7.05 | −3.60 | 1.33 | 3.59 | −7.61 | −6.02 | 16.71 | 2.44 |
LU | −2.11 | −14.31 | −3.08 | 2.13 | −17.10 | −12.36 | 0.22 | −0.41 |
SH | 2.89 | −13.89 | −3.03 | 2.52 | −16.95 | −14.88 | 8.47 | −0.47 |
CE | 3.67 | −10.69 | −3.82 | 11.33 | −23.36 | −12.32 | 15.63 | −0.34 |
DS | 9.97 | −5.46 | −4.69 | 10.42 | −6.93 | −14.85 | 27.91 | −1.44 |
ŚN | −7.83 | −2.61 | −7.96 | −8.64 | −5.58 | −2.16 | 5.94 | −4.51 |
Station | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | −0.75 | −4.96 | −1.80 | 1.04 | −3.44 |
LE | −0.84 | −1.82 | −2.80 | 1.51 | −1.77 |
HK | −0.58 | −5.25 | −4.40 | 0.11 | −3.56 |
JG | −2.57 | −1.85 | −2.82 | −0.27 | −2.52 |
KL | 1.04 | −4.45 | −2.18 | 3.45 | −1.97 |
HE | 1.54 | 1.42 | −2.02 | 4.38 | −2.52 |
LB | −0.05 | 0.28 | −2.43 | 3.83 | −0.62 |
US | 3.04 | −2.71 | −1.27 | 6.13 | 1.18 |
LU | 1.91 | −5.97 | −4.57 | 2.77 | 0.17 |
SH | 4.23 | −4.97 | −1.12 | 2.49 | −0.03 |
CE | 5.25 | −3.33 | −1.87 | 4.99 | −0.24 |
DS | 5.07 | 3.67 | −1.34 | 9.10 | −0.84 |
ŚN | −4.80 | −3.21 | −2.71 | −3.00 | 0.36 |
Station | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | 2.69 | −3.91 | −5.10 | 8.20 | −0.11 |
LE | 3.93 | −2.14 | −6.04 | 10.51 | −0.23 |
HK | −0.63 | −4.64 | −5.25 | 2.24 | −0.59 |
JG | 3.79 | −2.45 | −3.38 | 14.60 | −0.88 |
KL | 5.32 | −0.58 | −5.38 | 9.47 | −0.78 |
HE | 13.07 | −4.51 | −7.86 | 27.00 | −0.97 |
LB | 3.67 | −5.20 | −8.58 | 13.50 | −0.51 |
US | 2.44 | −3.39 | −3.35 | 8.39 | −2.60 |
LU | 4.35 | −10.53 | −5.11 | −1.18 | −2.58 |
SH | 1.65 | −7.83 | −8.59 | 1.06 | −1.54 |
CE | 8.18 | −12.98 | −8.61 | 7.44 | −1.36 |
DS | 10.34 | −9.29 | −8.39 | 18.14 | −2.47 |
ŚN | 5.48 | −0.18 | 1.45 | 10.86 | −4.81 |
Station | N-Types (N, NE, NW) | S-Types (S, SE, SW) | W-Types (W, NW, SW) | E-Types (E, NE, SE) | 0-Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WR | −1.08 | −2.57 | −5.48 | 0.98 | 1.43 |
LE | 0.46 | −4.98 | −2.58 | −0.59 | 0.61 |
HK | −2.10 | −5.90 | −1.03 | −3.12 | −0.77 |
JG | −1.76 | −0.90 | −3.55 | 3.47 | 0.87 |
KL | −1.57 | 0.34 | −3.42 | 1.38 | 0.92 |
HE | −5.86 | −1.39 | −5.29 | 2.34 | 0.72 |
LB | −3.72 | −2.05 | −4.93 | 2.37 | 0.47 |
US | −1.90 | −1.51 | −1.41 | 2.18 | 3.86 |
LU | −4.13 | −0.60 | −2.69 | −1.36 | 2.00 |
SH | −3.35 | −4.15 | −5.16 | 4.91 | 1.09 |
CE | −2.10 | −7.05 | −1.84 | 3.19 | 1.27 |
DS | −4.99 | −1.32 | −5.12 | 0.66 | 1.87 |
ŚN | −9.32 | −2.19 | −0.90 | −1.91 | −0.06 |
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Miszuk, B. Climate Water Balance in the Warm Half-Year and Its Circulation Conditions in the Sudetes Mountains and Their Foreland (Poland and Czechia). Water 2023, 15, 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040795
Miszuk B. Climate Water Balance in the Warm Half-Year and Its Circulation Conditions in the Sudetes Mountains and Their Foreland (Poland and Czechia). Water. 2023; 15(4):795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040795
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiszuk, Bartłomiej. 2023. "Climate Water Balance in the Warm Half-Year and Its Circulation Conditions in the Sudetes Mountains and Their Foreland (Poland and Czechia)" Water 15, no. 4: 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040795