Steel Slag and Limestone as a Rock Filter for Eliminating Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater: A Pilot Study in a Warm Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Sampling and Analyses
2.2. Laboratory-Scale Rock Filter for Phosphate Removal Study
2.2.1. Construction of Lab-Scale Filter
2.2.2. Lab-Scale Filter Media
2.2.3. Experimental Setup of a Lab-Scale Filter
2.2.4. Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) Determination
2.3. Removal Study
2.4. Construction of VASSF
2.4.1. Filter Media Used in VASSF
2.4.2. Experimental Setup
2.5. Routine Maintenance
2.6. Microstructure Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Performance of Treatment Systems
3.2. Phosphorous Removal Mechanism
3.3. Membrane-Based Separation Processes Using Steel Slag
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Lab-Scale Filter |
---|---|---|
Total height | cm | 39.5 |
Internal diameter | cm | 14.4 |
Liquid depth | cm | 27.5 |
Volume of wastewater (working volume), Q | m3 | 0.0044 |
HLR | m3/day | 0.00264 |
HRT | day | 1.67 |
Airflow | L/min | 20 |
Chemical Component | Concentration | |
---|---|---|
Steel Slag | Limestone | |
CO2 | 0.10% | - |
CaO | 31.20% | 94.20% |
Fe2O3 | 40.00% | 0.87% |
SiO2 | 16.40% | 2.57% |
Al2O3 | 5.04% | 0.79% |
MgO | 3.25% | 0.98% |
K2O | - | 0.14% |
MnO | 2.00% | - |
TiO2 | 0.53% | - |
Cr2O3 | 0.32% | - |
P2O5 | 0.56% | - |
S | 0 < LLD | - |
No | Parameter | Unit | VASSF |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Total Height | m | 2.0 |
2 | Internal Diameter | m | 0.3 |
3 | Filter Bed Depth/Liquid Depth | m | 1.5 |
4 | Media Volume, V | m3 | 0.106 |
5 | Volume of Wastewater in the filter (Working Volume) | m3 | 0.063 |
6 | Qwastewater (variable) | m3/d | 0.0170, 0.0276, 0.0360, 0.0339, 0.0551, 0.0721, 0.1103, 0.1442, 0.2205, 0.2884, 0.4411, 0.5768 |
7 | Hydraulic Retention Time, θ (variable) | day | 3.71, 2.29, 1.75, 1.86, 1.14, 0.87, 0.57, 0.44, 0.29, 0.22, 0.14, 0.11 |
8 | Hydraulic loading rate, HLR (variable) | m3/m3·d | 0.16, 0.26, 0.34, 0.32, 0.52, 0.68, 1.04, 1.36, 2.08, 2.72, 4.16, 5.44 |
9 | Air Flow Rate (variable) | L/min | 3, 5, 7, 10 |
10 | Flow Rate, Q (variable) | mL/min | 12, 19, 25, 24, 38, 50, 77, 100, 153, 200, 306, 401 |
Type Maintenance | Lab Scale | Pilot Scale |
---|---|---|
Cleaning the strainer for inlet system | N.A. | Cleaning strainer |
Checking and Maintenance of the Inlet and outlet piping system | N.A. | Change broken piping |
Replacing the clogged pipe and water tap | N.A. | Change clogged tap |
Maintenance of the peristaltic pump and compressor | Change broken pipe | Change broken piping |
Remove the plant that grew on the filter media | Remove algae | Remove algae |
Parameter | Concentration ± SD * |
---|---|
BOD (mg/L) | 126 mg/L ± 4.00 |
COD (mg/L) | 262.08 mg/L ± 21.00 |
DO | 1.04 mg/L ± 0.48 |
pH | 6.97 ± 0.03 |
Temperature (°C) | 28.6 °C ± 0.07 |
TSS (mg/L) | 146.7 mg/L ± 1.15 |
Alkalinity (mg/L) | 205 mg CaCO3/l ± 5.00 |
TP (mg/L) | 19 mg/L ± 1.53 |
TC | 1600 cfu/100 mL ± 50.00 |
Chemical Component | Concentration |
---|---|
CO2 | 0.10% |
CaO | 31.20% |
Fe2O3 | 40.00% |
SiO2 | 16.40% |
Al2O3 | 5.04% |
MgO | 3.25% |
MnO | 2.00% |
TiO2 | 0.53% |
Cr2O3 | 0.32% |
P2O5 | 0.56% |
S | 0 < LLD |
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Maarup, S.N.; Hamdan, R.; Othman, N.; Al-Gheethi, A.; Alkhadher, S.; El-Hady, M.M.A.; Saeed, S.E.-S. Steel Slag and Limestone as a Rock Filter for Eliminating Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater: A Pilot Study in a Warm Climate. Water 2023, 15, 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040657
Maarup SN, Hamdan R, Othman N, Al-Gheethi A, Alkhadher S, El-Hady MMA, Saeed SE-S. Steel Slag and Limestone as a Rock Filter for Eliminating Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater: A Pilot Study in a Warm Climate. Water. 2023; 15(4):657. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040657
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaarup, Syahrul Nizam, Rafidah Hamdan, Norzila Othman, Adel Al-Gheethi, Sadeq Alkhadher, M. M. Abd El-Hady, and S. El-Sayed Saeed. 2023. "Steel Slag and Limestone as a Rock Filter for Eliminating Phosphorus from Domestic Wastewater: A Pilot Study in a Warm Climate" Water 15, no. 4: 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040657