Untangling Humpback Whale-Watching Management Networks: Collaboration and Conflict in the Northeast Pacific
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Quantitative Component
2.1.1. Quantitative Data Collection
2.1.2. Quantitative Data Analysis
2.2. Qualitative Component
2.2.1. Qualitative Data Collection
2.2.2. Qualitative Data Analysis
2.3. Data Integration
3. Results
3.1. Global Properties of Collaboration in Disentanglement, Collaboration in Stranding, and Conflict Networks of Humpback Whales
3.2. Nodal Properties of Collaboration in Disentanglement, Collaboration in Stranding, and Conflict Networks of Humpback Whales
3.3. Networks Visualizations
3.4. Perceived Most Pressing Conflicts in Humpback-Whales Management
3.5. Compliance with Rules on Whale-Watching Season 2020–2021
3.6. Law Enforcement in Whale-Watching Season 2020–2021
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disentanglement | Stranding | Conflict | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of nodes | 38 | 38 | 38 |
Number of ties | 83 | 14 | 14 |
Density | 0.059 | 0.055 | 0.010 |
Degree of centralization | 0.522 | 0.194 | 0.045 |
Reciprocity | 0.905 | 0.927 | 0.980 |
Transitivity | 0.222 | 0.299 | 0.000 |
Connectance | 0.518 | 0.327 | 0.014 |
Stakeholders | Degree Centrality | ||
---|---|---|---|
Disentanglement | Stranding | Conflict | |
NGOA1 | 21 | 9 | 2 |
EDUA1 | 6 | 8 | 3 |
TOUA1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
TOUC1 | 8 | 7 | 2 |
TOUB2 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
NGOB1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TOUD1 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
TOUE1 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
TOUF1 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
TOUE2 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
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Langle-Flores, A.; López-Vázquez, Z.; Chávez Dagostino, R.M.; Aguilar-Rodríguez, A. Untangling Humpback Whale-Watching Management Networks: Collaboration and Conflict in the Northeast Pacific. Water 2023, 15, 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223975
Langle-Flores A, López-Vázquez Z, Chávez Dagostino RM, Aguilar-Rodríguez A. Untangling Humpback Whale-Watching Management Networks: Collaboration and Conflict in the Northeast Pacific. Water. 2023; 15(22):3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223975
Chicago/Turabian StyleLangle-Flores, Alfonso, Zinthia López-Vázquez, Rosa María Chávez Dagostino, and Adriana Aguilar-Rodríguez. 2023. "Untangling Humpback Whale-Watching Management Networks: Collaboration and Conflict in the Northeast Pacific" Water 15, no. 22: 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223975