Towards a Cleaner Textile Industry: Using ASEC to Decrease the Water Footprint to Zero Liquid Discharge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Liquid Residues Samples
2.2. ASEC Technology
2.3. Sample Collection and Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass Balance
3.2. Results of the Characterization of the Fluids
3.3. Composition of the Crystallized Solids
3.4. Revalorization
3.5. European Critical Raw Materials and European Green Deals
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Input | Output | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | S1in | S2in | S3in | Nin | S1out | S2out | S3out | Nout | |
EC | µS/cm | 11,390 | 2000 | 2660 | 6670 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 38.1 |
T | °C | 24.3 | 24.4 | 23.9 | 25.4 | 24.7 | 24.4 | 25.1 | 25.3 |
pH | 6.66 | 8.99 | 7.43 | 7.27 | 6.87 | 6.80 | 7.01 | 6.53 | |
COD | mg/LO2 | 8950 | 3069 | 3960 | 6900 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
TSS | mg/L | 7170 | 2000 | 2660 | 4200 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 9.99 |
Chlorides | meq/L | 56.13 | 9.86 | 13.11 | 18.31 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
Sulphates | mg/L | ~8000 | 200 | ~400 | >200 | <25 | <25 | <25 | <25 |
Elements | |||||||||
Al | µg/L | 801 | 8063 | 4023 | 117 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Cd | µg/L | 7.80 | n.d | n.d | 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ca | mg/L | 1999 | 1463 | 1035 | 10.9 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Co | µg/L | 154 | 14.2 | 169 | 3.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Cu | µg/L | 763 | 241 | 735 | 197 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Cr | µg/L | 23.4 | 7.00 | 17.2 | 110 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Mg | µg/L | 4152 | 1562 | 2966 | 40,842 | <5 | n.d. | <5 | <5 |
Na | mg/L | 4179 | 702 | 4177 | 1951 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 |
Zn | µg/L | 13,833 | 258 | 1242 | 75 | <20 | <20 | <20 | n.d. |
Li | µg/L | 14.6 | 125 | 192 | 44.4 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
K | mg/L | 12.5 | 11.4 | 7.78 | 92.6 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
Fe | µg/L | 370 | 1057 | 418 | 88.9 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ni | µg/L | 419 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 3.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
As | µg/L | 0.75 | 1.54 | 6,33 | 3.60 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Sr | µg/L | 33.5 | 18.7 | 92.4 | 803 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Y | µg/L | 14.1 | 37.3 | 138 | 3.00 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Cs | µg/L | 36.4 | 90.0 | 162 | 0.26 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ba | µg/L | 6.84 | 17.8 | 22.4 | 99.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
La | µg/L | 41.4 | 47.4 | 51.3 | 0.19 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Ce | µg/L | 81.7 | 47.2 | 87.1 | n.d | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Pr | µg/L | 13.1 | 12.1 | 15.3 | 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Nd | µg/L | 66.6 | 60.2 | 101 | 0.20 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Sm | µg/L | 8.58 | 14.6 | 5.55 | 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Gd | µg/L | 4.73 | 20.0 | 3.41 | 0.56 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Dy | µg/L | 9.80 | 37.7 | 5.15 | 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Er | µg/L | 16.3 | 20.4 | 2.71 | 0.10 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Yb | µg/L | 14.1 | 30.1 | 23.1 | 0.46 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Pb | µg/L | 2.14 | 6.44 | 5.75 | 0.15 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
S1 | S2 | S3 | N | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | ton | 304,966 | 66 | 181 | 963 |
Si | ton | 17.5 | 17.1 | 32.3 | 531 |
Ca | ton | 5.5 | 3.4 | 10.8 | 416 |
K | ton | 3.6 | 5.5 | 371 | |
Mg | ton | 76 | 1080 | ||
Al | ton | 75 | 251 | ||
P | ton | 43 | |||
Sb | ton | 5.5 | |||
∑Light elements | ton | 10,194 | |||
Co | kg | 363 | 149 | 123 | |
Cu | kg | 638 | 265 | 728 | 4771 |
Fe | kg | 555 | 497 | 2070 | 3336 |
Mo | kg | 166 | 69 | 77 | |
Nb | kg | 93 | 33 | 31 | |
Ni | kg | 223 | 121 | 77 | |
Rb | kg | 1048 | 194 | 506 | 506 |
Se | kg | 62 | 31 | 23 | |
Sr | kg | 52 | 28 | 73 | 2725 |
Zn | kg | 8746 | 1007 | 1805 | 1616 |
Th | kg | 285 | 84 | ||
Mn | kg | 330 |
S1 | S2 | S3 | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S | 76,851 | 16,596 | 45,585 | 242,744 |
Co | 10,893 | 4477 | 3679 | - |
Cu | 3828 | 1592 | 4369 | 28,628 |
Mo | 4316 | 1786 | 1993 | - |
Nb | 5033 | 1788 | 1653 | - |
Ni | 2877 | 1559 | 989 | - |
Se | 1152 | 570 | 425 | - |
Zn | 17,492 | 2014 | 3610 | 3232 |
Total | 76,897,041 | 30,380 | 62,303 | 274,604 |
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Bonnail, E.; Vera, S.; Blasco, J.; DelValls, T.Á. Towards a Cleaner Textile Industry: Using ASEC to Decrease the Water Footprint to Zero Liquid Discharge. Water 2023, 15, 3781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213781
Bonnail E, Vera S, Blasco J, DelValls TÁ. Towards a Cleaner Textile Industry: Using ASEC to Decrease the Water Footprint to Zero Liquid Discharge. Water. 2023; 15(21):3781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213781
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonnail, Estefanía, Sebastián Vera, Julián Blasco, and Tomás Ángel DelValls. 2023. "Towards a Cleaner Textile Industry: Using ASEC to Decrease the Water Footprint to Zero Liquid Discharge" Water 15, no. 21: 3781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213781