Analysis of the Recharge Area of the Perrot Spring (Aosta Valley) Using a Hydrochemical and Isotopic Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area Description
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Geological Setting
2.3. Hydrogeological Setting
- Metamorphic bedrock.
- 2.
- Quaternary succession.
- Subglacial deposits: over consolidated deposits characterized by abundant sandy–silty matrix containing subordinate clasts. Low permeability;
- Ice-marginal deposits: deposits with a very heterogeneous texture, characterised by the presence of clasts of different sizes and shapes, mixed in a greyish-brown sandy–silty matrix with carbonate cementation. Variable permeability;
- Glaciolacustrine deposits: deposits formed by a sandy–silty matrix in which some centimetric to decimetric clasts are embedded, showing carbonate cementation. Low permeability;
- Debris and landslide deposits: deposits formed by angular decimetric clasts without matrix. Very high permeability;
- Lake and marsh deposits: silty and peat deposits characterised by a very localised distribution in depressed areas. Low permeability.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Climatic Conditions
3.2. Water Sampling
3.3. Laboratory Analyses
3.4. Chemical and Isotopic Data Interpretation
4. Results
4.1. Climatic Setting of the Study Area
4.2. Chemical Analysis
4.3. Isotopic Analyses
5. Discussions
- -
- fractured rocky bedrock with low to very low permeability, essentially represented by the serpentinite.
- -
- very thick incoherent deposits of very high to high permeability, including ice-marginal, gravitational, and fluvial deposits that lie on incoherent deposits of low permeability, including subglacial and glaciolacustrine deposits.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lithology | Hydraulic Conductivity k (m/s) | Type of Permeability | |
---|---|---|---|
Lake and marsh deposits | Very low (10−7 > k > 10−9) | Porosity | |
Debris and landslide deposits | Very high (k > 10−2) | Porosity | |
Subglacial deposits | Very low (10−7 > k > 10−9) | Porosity | |
Ice-marginal deposits | Low (10−5 > k > 10−7) | Porosity | |
Glaciolacustrine | Low and very low (10−5 > k > 10−9) | Porosity | |
Metamorphic bedrock (serpentinite) | Fractured | Low (10−5 > k > 10−7) | Fractures |
Mylonitized | Medium (10−4 > k > 10−5) | ||
Foliate and fractured | High (10−2 > k > 10−4) | ||
Massive | Impermeable (k < 10−9) |
Sampling Date | 2021 | 2022 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 May | 6 May | 3 July | 11 November | 7 July | 8 July | 20 September | ||||||
Monitoring Point ID | Location | X UTM ED 50 | Y UTM ED 50 | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | A | B | A | A | B | A | B | A |
C_1 | Park Office | 395,752 | 5,060,071 | 414 | x | x | x | x | ||||
C_2 | Park Location 2 | 393,786 | 5,059,742 | 965 | x | x | x | x | ||||
C_3 | Park Location 3 | 392,011 | 5,059,822 | 1269 | x | x | x | x | ||||
C_4 | near Perrot Spring | 391,942 | 5,058,810 | 1561 | x | x | x | |||||
C_5 | near Bianco Lake | 389,798 | 5,056,012 | 2160 | x | x | ||||||
C_6 | near Gran Lake | 388,078 | 5,055,339 | 2503 | x | |||||||
S_1 | Perrot Spring | 392,417 | 5,059,457 | 1300 | x | x | x | x | x | |||
R_1 | Chalamy Stream | 388,314 | 5,055,804 | 2295 | x | x | ||||||
R_2 | Chalamy Strea | 387,318 | 5,055,539 | 2532 | x | x | ||||||
L_1 | Leser Lake | 390,992 | 5,057,071 | 2017 | x | x | ||||||
L_2 | Vallette Lake | 390,305 | 5,056,100 | 2182 | x | x | ||||||
L_3 | Bianco Lake | 389,818 | 5,056,055 | 2159 | x | x | x | |||||
L_4 | Nero Lake | 389,718 | 5,055,861 | 2169 | x | x | x | |||||
L_5 | Gran Lake | 388,055 | 5,055,272 | 2494 | x | x | x | |||||
L_6 | Leita Lake | 386,974 | 5,055,430 | 2532 | x | x | ||||||
L_8 | Leita Superiore Lake | 387,008 | 5,055,058 | 2563 | x | x | ||||||
L_9 | North of the Gran Lake | 387,567 | 5,055,658 | 2527 | x | x | ||||||
L_10 | Cornuto Lake | 389,378 | 5,055,834 | 2173 | x | x | x | |||||
L_11 | Muffé Lake | 391,295 | 5,054,715 | 2078 | x | x | x |
ID | EC | pH | T | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Li+ | NH4+ | Cl− | NO2− | F− | Br− | HCO3− | SO42− | NO3− | Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S_1 (6 May 2021) Perrot Spring | 81 | 8.20 | 4.8 | N/A | N/A | 10.33 | 4.30 | N/A | N/A | 1.50 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 51.90 | 2.10 | 2.80 | N/A |
S_1 (7 February 2022) Perrot Spring | 88 | 9.40 | 5.0 | N/A | N/A | 3.70 | 9.90 | N/A | N/A | 0.55 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 57.83 | 2.10 | 2.50 | N/A |
S_1 (8 July 2022) Perrot Spring | 87 | 8.89 | 6.5 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 4.82 | 11.21 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.25 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 61.49 | 1.85 | 2.65 | 4.37 |
R_1 (8 July 2022) Chalamy Stream | 29 | 7.64 | 10.7 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 3.18 | 3.13 | <0.010 | 0.06 | 0.06 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 20.98 | 2.82 | 0.40 | 1.8 |
R_2 (8 July 2022) Chalamy Stream | 35 | 7.73 | 15.0 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 5.36 | 2.24 | <0.010 | 0.08 | 0.15 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 29.28 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 1.97 |
L_1 (8 July 2022) Leser Lake | 118 | 9.26 | 18.3 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 3.04 | 17.35 | <0.010 | 0.43 | 0.26 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 82.96 | 4.19 | 1.66 | 4.57 |
L_2 (8 July 2022) Vallette Lake | 68 | 8.81 | 22.1 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 6.97 | 5.78 | <0.010 | 0.25 | 0.18 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 26.84 | 19.36 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
L_3 (8 July 2022) Bianco Lake | 67 | 8.93 | 17.3 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 7.23 | 4.10 | <0.010 | 0.11 | 0.37 | <0.005 | 0.15 | <0.010 | 25.62 | 15.50 | 0.86 | 2.89 |
L_4 (8 July 2022) Nero Lake | 65 | 7.89 | 13.5 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 8.55 | 4.85 | <0.010 | 0.08 | 0.14 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 27.82 | 17.19 | 1.13 | 0.7 |
L_5 (8 July 2022) Gran Lake | 31 | 7.85 | 15.1 | 0.35 | 0.62 | 9.20 | 3.02 | <0.010 | 0.09 | 0.12 | <0.005 | 0.03 | <0.010 | 20.25 | 22.30 | 0.37 | 4.09 |
L_6 (8 July 2022) Leita Lake | 31 | 8.04 | 16.0 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 6.52 | 1.14 | <0.010 | 0.13 | 0.13 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 20.01 | 4.13 | 0.05 | 3.8 |
L_8 (8 July 2022) Leita Superiore Lake | 74 | 7.73 | 15.5 | 3.50 | 0.40 | 6.60 | 0.40 | <0.010 | 0.07 | 0.12 | <0.005 | 0.03 | <0.010 | 21.72 | 7.40 | 0.98 | 0.17 |
L_9 (8 July 2022) North of the Gran Lake | 9 | 7.67 | 18.8 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 1.40 | 0.92 | <0.010 | 0.18 | 0.04 | <0.005 | 0.02 | <0.010 | 9.76 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 3.40 |
L_10 (8 July 2022) Cornuto Lake | 58 | 8.19 | 19.5 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 12.00 | 2.80 | <0.010 | 0.11 | 0.36 | <0.005 | 0.03 | <0.010 | 36.60 | 13.39 | 0.91 | 0.89 |
L_11 (8 July 2022) Muffé Lake | 176 | 8.79 | 18.2 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 7.22 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 0.12 | 0.25 | <0.005 | <0.010 | <0.010 | 12.93 | 6.54 | 1.28 | 0.14 |
Year | 2021 | 2022 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | 1 May | 10 July | 10 November | 8 July | 20 September | ||||||
Monitoring Point ID | Elevation | δ²H | δ¹⁸O | δ²H | δ¹⁸O | δ²H | δ¹⁸O | δ²H | δ¹⁸O | δ²H | δ¹⁸O |
C_1 (Park office) | 414 | −26.4 | −4.64 | −72.2 | −10.61 | −40.3 | −7.10 | −30.1 | −6.34 | ||
C_2 (Park Location 2) | 965 | −34.1 | −5.72 | −85.7 | −12.35 | −40.6 | −7.54 | −39.8 | −7.76 | ||
C_3 (Park Location 3) | 1269 | −40.8 | −6.57 | −86.0 | −12.41 | −45.4 | −8.22 | −36.7 | −7.14 | ||
C_4 (near Perrot Spring) | 1561 | −92.8 | −13.24 | −71.3 | −11.13 | −41.6 | −7.53 | ||||
C_5 (near Bianco Lake) | 2160 | −74.8 | −11.19 | −48.7 | −8.65 | ||||||
C_6 (near Gran Lake) | 2503 | −52.5 | −9.33 | ||||||||
S_1 (Perrot Spring) | 1300 | −71.8 | −10.49 | −73.4 | −11.06 | ||||||
R_1 (Chalamy Stream) | 2295 | −96.0 | −13.41 | ||||||||
R_2 (Chalamy Stream) | 2532 | −76.1 | −11.42 | ||||||||
L_1 (Leser Lake) | 2017 | −68.7 | −10.71 | ||||||||
L_2 (Vallette Lake) | 2182 | −61.8 | −9.81 | ||||||||
L_3 (Bianco Lake) | 2159 | −74.7 | −10.81 | −58.5 | −9.78 | ||||||
L_4 (Nero Lake) | 2169 | −75.0 | −11.08 | −66.7 | −10.65 | ||||||
L_5 (Gran Lake) | 2494 | −79.7 | −11.46 | −71.6 | −11.16 | ||||||
L_6 (Leita Lake) | 2532 | −71.8 | −11.27 | ||||||||
L_8 (Leita Superiore Lake) | 2563 | −73.7 | −11.16 | ||||||||
L_9 (North of the Gran Lake) | 2527 | −78.1 | −11.49 | ||||||||
L_10 (Cornuto Lake) | 2173 | −73.5 | −10.89 | −77.1 | −11.52 | ||||||
L_11 (Muffé Lake) | 2078 | −73.3 | −10.88 | −72.6 | −11.13 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Santillán-Quiroga, L.M.; Cocca, D.; Lasagna, M.; Marchina, C.; Destefanis, E.; Forno, M.G.; Gattiglio, M.; Vescovo, G.; De Luca, D.A. Analysis of the Recharge Area of the Perrot Spring (Aosta Valley) Using a Hydrochemical and Isotopic Approach. Water 2023, 15, 3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213756
Santillán-Quiroga LM, Cocca D, Lasagna M, Marchina C, Destefanis E, Forno MG, Gattiglio M, Vescovo G, De Luca DA. Analysis of the Recharge Area of the Perrot Spring (Aosta Valley) Using a Hydrochemical and Isotopic Approach. Water. 2023; 15(21):3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213756
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantillán-Quiroga, Luis Miguel, Daniele Cocca, Manuela Lasagna, Chiara Marchina, Enrico Destefanis, Maria Gabriella Forno, Marco Gattiglio, Giacomo Vescovo, and Domenico Antonio De Luca. 2023. "Analysis of the Recharge Area of the Perrot Spring (Aosta Valley) Using a Hydrochemical and Isotopic Approach" Water 15, no. 21: 3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213756