Empirical Formula to Calculate Ionic Strength of Limnetic and Oligohaline Water on the Basis of Electric Conductivity: Implications for Limnological Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Water Analyses
2.3. Chemical Calculations
2.4. Model Development
2.5. Model Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Data Characterization
3.2. Modeling Results
3.3. Model Validation
3.4. Potential Implications of the Model
3.4.1. Calculating γ Activity Coefficients for Major Ions
3.4.2. Calculating Carbonate Saturation of Lake Water
3.4.3. Screening of Spatial Distribution of pCO2 in Lakes
3.4.4. Temporal Changes in pCO2 in Lakes
3.4.5. Spatial CO2 Distribution in Lakes
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lake Mineralisation | EC | ti | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μS·cm−1 | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | HCO3− | SO42− | Cl− | NO3− | Dival. Ions | Monoval. Ions | |
Weak | <200 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.52 |
Moderate | 200–750 | 0.07 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.54 |
High | 750–2250 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.35 |
Very high | >2250 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.16 |
Conductivity [μS·cm−1] | This Study | Ponnamperuna [18] # | Griffin and Jurniak [13] & | Tchobanoglous et al. [16] * |
---|---|---|---|---|
<250 | 1.1 | 13.1 | −8.1 | 14.8 |
250–500 | 2.1 | 8.9 | −11.5 | 10.7 |
500–1000 | −3.5 | 11.0 | −9.8 | 12.7 |
1000–2500 | −12.6 | 11.3 | −9.6 | 13.0 |
2500–5000 | 6.6 | 51.1 | 22.7 | 53.4 |
5000–7500 | −6.9 | 34.5 | 9.3 | 36.6 |
>7500 | −17.8 | 20.4 | −2.2 | 22.3 |
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Woszczyk, M.; Stach, A.; Nowosad, J.; Zawiska, I.; Bigus, K.; Rzodkiewicz, M. Empirical Formula to Calculate Ionic Strength of Limnetic and Oligohaline Water on the Basis of Electric Conductivity: Implications for Limnological Monitoring. Water 2023, 15, 3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203632
Woszczyk M, Stach A, Nowosad J, Zawiska I, Bigus K, Rzodkiewicz M. Empirical Formula to Calculate Ionic Strength of Limnetic and Oligohaline Water on the Basis of Electric Conductivity: Implications for Limnological Monitoring. Water. 2023; 15(20):3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203632
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoszczyk, Michał, Alfred Stach, Jakub Nowosad, Izabela Zawiska, Katarzyna Bigus, and Monika Rzodkiewicz. 2023. "Empirical Formula to Calculate Ionic Strength of Limnetic and Oligohaline Water on the Basis of Electric Conductivity: Implications for Limnological Monitoring" Water 15, no. 20: 3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203632