Automatic SWMM Parameter Calibration Method Based on the Differential Evolution and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Differential Evolution Algorithm
- (1)
- Mutation. The DE algorithm employs the disparity between two individual vectors to induce mutation in the existing individuals, which subsequently utilize this mutation vector to generate new offspring individuals. Upon initializing the population, the individuals undergo mutation operations to form mutation vectors. The equation of the mutation process is as follows:
- (2)
- Crossover. The DE algorithm employs a certain probability to select the mutated vector of the offspring, thereby generating experimental individuals to enhance the population diversity and promote structural differentiation.
- (3)
- Selection. The DE algorithm employs a greedy selection strategy, where the individuals are selected based on the values of the sought-after fitness function; the optimal candidates are selected from both offspring and parent classes.
2.2. Bayesian Optimization Algorithm
2.3. Improvement of the DE-BOA Algorithm
- (1)
- Building upon the foundation of the DE algorithm, we introduce the Gaussian process regression model from the BOA algorithm. This model captures the posterior distribution of the target function based on existing sample points. Using the collection function to guide the selection of the following sampling points, we combine the global search capability of the DE algorithm with the local search capability of the BOA algorithm. This hybrid optimization approach prevents the parameters from becoming trapped in local optima during the calibration process, so it achieves a high-precision parameter estimation for the SWMM model. Please refer to Figure 1 for the detailed algorithmic structure.
- (2)
- Using an adaptive weight allocation strategy, we tailor the distribution proportions of the DE algorithm and BOA algorithm, based on the balance between the constraints and the objective function of each specific SWMM model. During the initial stages of optimization, when the initial population exhibits good dispersion, we leverage the randomness of the initial population by assigning higher weights to the DE algorithm. By invoking the DE algorithm multiple times in the early phases, we enhance the exploration for the global optimum. However, as the optimization progresses, to avoid falling into local optima, we dynamically adjust the weights and increase the frequency of utilizing the BOA algorithm. Leveraging the characteristics of the BOA algorithm, which consider a more significant amount of historical data, we enhance the precision of SWMM model calibration and more thoroughly explore the global optimum. Please refer to Figure 2 for the detailed algorithmic flow.
2.4. Case Study
2.4.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.4.2. Analysis of Rainfall Events
2.4.3. SWMM Model Parameters
2.4.4. SWMM Optimization Calculation
- 1.
- Formulate the objective function
- 2.
- Simulation procedure
- (1)
- The SWMM model of the study area was simulated using the Horton infiltration model and the dynamic wave method. Four rainfall events (R3, R4, R7, and R13) were set aside for subsequent model validation, while the remaining 16 rainfall events were utilized as input conditions to calibrate the model parameters.
- (2)
- The population was initialized and the fundamental parameters of the DE-BOA algorithm were set, based on the experience of multiple iterations of trial and error in the previous sensitivity analysis: population size = 20; mutation factor = 0.8; crossover factor = 0.7; maximum iteration count = 100. Bayesian iteration factors were chosen as 5 and 2, respectively. Batch import and export of SWMM parameters was implemented using the Python language.
- (3)
- Three solutions were randomly selected from the initial population and trial individuals were generated using the mutation and crossover formulas. The Python language was utilized to invoke the SWMM calculation engine for simulation computation and to obtain simulated water depths at the monitoring locations.
- (4)
- The *.out file generated by the SWMM simulation was retrieved; the objective function values were calculated after simulation; a greedy selection strategy was employed; and the optimal value was selected as the calibrated parameter value. The *.inp file was modified to serve as the input file for the next round of SWMM simulation.
- (5)
- At the early stage of the algorithm, the BOA algorithm was applied every five generations based on the optimal value to locally optimize it. As the algorithm progressed, an adaptive strategy to increase the proportion of the BOA algorithm was used and the influence factor of the optimal historical value on the computation was adjusted. Multiple rounds of local optimization were performed based on the optimal value and a greedy selection strategy was applied to the results.
- (6)
- The calibrated *.inp file was generated as output.
- 3.
- Evaluation criteria
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Parameter Calibration Results
3.2. Model Verification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Start Time | End Time | Total Rainfall (mm) | Rainfall Duration (h) | Rainfall Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | 30 April 2022 16:00 | 1 May 2022 0:00 | 14.02 | 8 h | Moderate rain |
R2 | 1 May 2022 4:10 | 1 May 2022 20:20 | 36.02 | 16.17 h | Heavy rain |
R3 | 7 May 2022 7:40 | 7 May 2022 18:20 | 19.87 | 10.67 h | Moderate rain |
R4 | 10 May 2022 1:50 | 11 May 2022 0:00 | 48.47 | 22.17 h | Heavy rain |
R5 | 11 May 2022 0:00 | 12 May 2022 0:00 | 81.26 | 24 h | Rainstorm |
R6 | 12 May 2022 10:30 | 13 May 2022 20:20 | 24.65 | 9.84 h | Moderate rain |
R7 | 13 May 2022 0:00 | 14 May 2022 0:00 | 80.75 | 24 h | Rainstorm |
R8 | 21 May 2022 13:40 | 22 May 2022 0:00 | 26.91 | 11.67 h | Heavy rain |
R9 | 6 June 2022 10:10 | 6 June 2022 22:50 | 26.73 | 12.67 h | Heavy rain |
R10 | 7 June 2022 9:30 | 7 June 2022 19:10 | 43.70 | 9.67 h | Heavy rain |
R11 | 9 June 2022 7:20 | 10 June 2022 12:30 | 32.78 | 5.17 h | Heavy rain |
R12 | 12 June 2022 8:00 | 12 June 2022 18:30 | 25.18 | 10.5 h | Heavy rain |
R13 | 13 June 2022 1:40 | 13 June 2022 16:50 | 35.09 | 15.17 h | Heavy rain |
R14 | 15 June 2022 8:20 | 15 June 2022 20:50 | 34.64 | 12.5 h | Heavy rain |
R15 | 17 June 2022 4:30 | 17 June 2022 17:10 | 32.30 | 12.67 h | Heavy rain |
R16 | 19 June 2022 1:20 | 19 June 2022 14:20 | 23.78 | 13 h | Moderate rain |
R17 | 2 July 2022 0:00 | 2 July 2022 22:40 | 46.73 | 22.67 h | Heavy rain |
R18 | 6 July 2022 11:40 | 6 July 2022 19:40 | 30.94 | 8 h | Heavy rain |
R19 | 3 August 2022 15:10 | 3 August 2022 18:40 | 23.00 | 3.5 h | Moderate rain |
R20 | 10 August 2022 8:00 | 10 August 2022 16:30 | 27.09 | 8.5 h | Heavy rain |
Rainfall Pattern | Frequency (Times) | Proportion |
---|---|---|
Single peak ahead (type I) | 1 | 5% |
Single peak back (type II) | 5 | 25% |
Single peak centered (type III) | 5 | 25% |
Uniform distribution (type IV) | 1 | 5% |
Distribution before and after bimodal (type V) | 1 | 5% |
Bimodal distribution (type VI) | 4 | 20% |
Bimodal mid-post distribution (type VII) | 3 | 15% |
Calibration Parameters | Parameter Meaning | Ranges | |
---|---|---|---|
N-Imperv | Manning coefficient of impermeable area | 0.069567 | 0.01~0.05 |
N-Perv | Manning coefficient of permeable area | 0.054767 | 0.05~0.4 |
S-Imperv/mm | Depression volume in impermeable area | 0.054133 | 0.2~10 |
S-Perv/mm | Depression storage volume in permeable area | 0.0879 | 2~20 |
MinRate/(mm·h−1) | Minimum infiltration rate | 0.051633 | 1~20 |
MaxRate/(mm·h−1) | Maximum infiltration rate | 0.053167 | 20~100 |
Decay/h−1 | Permeation attenuation coefficient | 0.072767 | 2~7 |
Method | BOA | DE | Manual | DE-BOA |
---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | 0.0071 | 0.0075 | 0.0070 | 0.0052 |
R2 | 0.9300 | 0.9216 | 0.9339 | 0.9644 |
PE | 0.0727 | 0.0605 | 0.0768 | 0.0161 |
Parameters | Initial Empirical Value | Rate Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Manual Calibration | DE-BOA Calibration | ||
N-Imperv | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
N-Perv | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3528 |
S-Imperv/mm | 0.45 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
S-Perv/mm | 2 | 20 | 17.3671 |
MinRate/(mm·h−1) | 12.7 | 18 | 11.0311 |
MaxRate/(mm·h−1) | 200 | 90 | 49.8109 |
Decay/h−1 | 4 | 3 | 2.9728 |
ID | Total Rainfall (mm) | Rainfall Duration (h) | Rainfall Scale | Rainfall Pattern |
---|---|---|---|---|
R3 | 19.87 | 10.67 h | Moderate rain | IV |
R4 | 48.47 | 22.17 h | Heavy rain | VII |
R7 | 80.75 | 24 h | Rainstorm | II |
R13 | 35.09 | 15.17 h | Heavy rain | V |
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Gao, J.; Liang, J.; Lu, Y.; Zhou, R.; Lu, X. Automatic SWMM Parameter Calibration Method Based on the Differential Evolution and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm. Water 2023, 15, 3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203582
Gao J, Liang J, Lu Y, Zhou R, Lu X. Automatic SWMM Parameter Calibration Method Based on the Differential Evolution and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm. Water. 2023; 15(20):3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203582
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Jiawei, Ji Liang, Yu Lu, Ruilong Zhou, and Xin Lu. 2023. "Automatic SWMM Parameter Calibration Method Based on the Differential Evolution and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm" Water 15, no. 20: 3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203582
APA StyleGao, J., Liang, J., Lu, Y., Zhou, R., & Lu, X. (2023). Automatic SWMM Parameter Calibration Method Based on the Differential Evolution and Bayesian Optimization Algorithm. Water, 15(20), 3582. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203582