Study on Spatiotemporal Transport Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Layered Heterogeneous Vadose Zone Based on HYDRAS-3D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. In Situ Test of Moisture Transport in Heterogeneous Media
3. Model Building
3.1. Basic Equation for Soil Moisture Transport
3.2. Initial and Boundary Conditions
3.3. Model Parameters
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Model Validation
4.1.1. Model Result Validation
4.1.2. Model Accuracy Verification
4.2. Influence of a Layered Heterogeneous Structure on Water Movement in the Vadose Zone
4.3. Profile Water Content Variability Characteristics
4.4. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of the Water Movement in the Layered Heterogeneous Vadose Zone
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Comparing and analyzing the simulated and measured values in the HYDRAS-3D model, the two showed good consistency, verifying the accuracy and reliability of the model, indicating that the model can be applied well in experiments.
- (2)
- The water content at the interface of the soil layer will undergo a sudden change. Expressing the characteristics of water content variability more accurately in the test cylinder profiles, water movement in the vadose zone was divided into the following stages: (I) stable period, (II) slow change period, and (III) rainfall rapid change period. From April to May and July to September in the YC03 test cylinder, which was not significantly affected by rainfall, and from April to September in the YC02 and YC04 test cylinders, the CV of the soil moisture content was 5% or less, and water movement in the vadose zone was in the (I) stable period. The CV of the soil moisture content of the three test cylinders from January to March was mostly between 5 and 20%, with large fluctuations and frequent moisture exchanges in the vertical direction, particularly from 60 to 80 cm. In June, the YC03 test cylinder, which was significantly affected by rainfall, had a CV of water content in the entire profile of >30% and a maximum value of 59.11% when the water movement in the vadose zone was in the (III) rainfall rapid change period.
- (3)
- The two largest values (19.9 and 17.8 cm/day) of the temporal change gradient of the soil water potential were observed in the silty clay layers of the YC04 test cylinder. The influence of the soil–layer interface on evaporation and infiltration in the silty clay layer was the most pronounced.
- (4)
- The lateral movement of soil moisture in the plane at the interface was also affected to some extent by the layered heterogeneous structure, with the degree and time affected by the differences in the soil layers above and below the interface. The fine sand layer was the most affected by the soil–layer interface, followed by the silty soil and silty clay layers. The silty sand layer was the least affected by the soil–layer interface.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Cylinder Number | Monitoring System Burial Depth (cm) |
---|---|
YC02 | −10/−20/−30/−40/−60/−80/−100/−120/−140/−160/−260/−380 |
YC03 | −10/−20/−30/−40/−60/−80/−100/−120/−140/−160/−380 |
YC04 | −10/−20/−30/−40/−60/−80/−100/−120/−140/−160/−260/−320/−380 |
Test Medium | Fit Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
θr (cm3/cm−3) | θs (cm3/cm−3) | α (cm−1) | n | |
Silty clay | 0.0857 | 0.4732 | 0.0079 | 1.4394 |
Silty soil | 0.0541 | 0.4545 | 0.0485 | 1.6653 |
silt | 0.0552 | 0.4790 | 0.0229 | 1.4717 |
fine sand | 0.0969 | 0.3595 | 0.1986 | 2.4909 |
Number | Buried Depth (cm) | Soil Physical Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
θr (cm3/cm−3) | θs (cm3/cm−3) | α (cm−1) | n | Ks (cm/d) | l (-) | ||
YC02 test tube | 0.064 0.057 0.0969 | 0.064 0.057 0.0969 | 0.46 0.48 0.3595 | 0.0985 0.03 0.1986 | 1.66 1.96 2.68 | 200 350.2 712.8 | 0.5 0.5 0.5 |
YC03 test tube | 0.064 0.112 | 0.064 0.112 | 0.46 0.3595 | 0.0485 0.1986 | 1.66 2.68 | 200 712.8 | 0.5 0.5 |
Number | Buried Depth (cm) | R2 | |RE| (%) | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
YC02 test tube | 0~50 50~150 100~400 | 0.769 0.958 0.986 | 0.990 3.650 2.660 | 0.0221 0.0178 0.0097 |
YC03 test tube | 0~50 50~400 | 0.629 0.859 | 10.46 2.170 | 0.0249 0.0200 |
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Xie, S.; Zhao, G. Study on Spatiotemporal Transport Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Layered Heterogeneous Vadose Zone Based on HYDRAS-3D. Water 2023, 15, 3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203550
Xie S, Zhao G. Study on Spatiotemporal Transport Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Layered Heterogeneous Vadose Zone Based on HYDRAS-3D. Water. 2023; 15(20):3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203550
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Simin, and Guizhang Zhao. 2023. "Study on Spatiotemporal Transport Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Layered Heterogeneous Vadose Zone Based on HYDRAS-3D" Water 15, no. 20: 3550. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203550