Methods of Removal of Hormones in Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Remediation or Removal
2.1.1. Biological Processes
Algae and Microalgae
Rotating Biodisc Contactor (RBC)
2.1.2. Physical Processes
Organic Adsorbents
Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
2.2. AHP and FAHP
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHP | Analytical hierarchy processes |
AOP | Advanced oxidation process |
Ci | Weight factor for variables |
E1 | Estrone |
E2 | 17β-estradiol |
EC | Emerging pollutants |
EDC | Endocrine disruptors |
EE2 | 17-α-ethinyl estradiol |
EI | Environmental impact |
EV | Estradiol valerate |
FAHP | Fuzzy analytical hierarchy or Modified Saaty |
FTIR | Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy |
GAC | Granular activated carbon |
li | Consistency level |
MC | Maintenance cost |
n | Number of variables |
N | Variable normalization |
PAC | Powdered activated carbon |
pj | Sum of the weighting of each variable |
PRO | Progesterone |
RBC | Rotating biodisc contactor |
RE | Removal efficiency |
RT | Removal time |
SD | Stage of development |
SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
UF | Ultrafiltration processes |
Vmáx | Maximum value |
Vmin | Minimum value |
Vo | Original value |
wi | Weight |
WW | Waste waters |
WWTP | Wastewater treatment plants |
μA | Evaluation of the criterion |
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Criteria | RE | MC | SD | EI | RT | Ci | wi | λi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RE | 1.00 | 0.56 | 5.00 | 1.67 | 0.71 | 1.27 | 0.20 | 1.00 |
MC | 1.80 | 1.00 | 9.00 | 3.00 | 1.29 | 2.29 | 0.36 | 1.00 |
SD | 0.20 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 1.00 |
EI | 0.60 | 0.33 | 3.00 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.12 | 1.00 |
RT | 1.40 | 0.78 | 7.00 | 2.33 | 1.00 | 1.78 | 0.28 | 1.00 |
∑ | 5.00 | 2.78 | 25.00 | 8.33 | 3.57 | 6.35 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Removal Efficiency (%) | Removal Time (h) | Stage of Development | Maintenance Cost | Environmental Impact | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algae and microalgae | 90 | 12 | Laboratory | Low | Low |
Rotating biodisc contactor | 66 | 4.33 | Pilot | Low | Low |
Organic adsorbents | 80 | 4 | Pilot | Low | Low |
Powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon | 98 | 8 | Laboratory | Low | Medium |
Method = | W1 × RE | + | W2 × MC | + | W3 × SD | + | W4 × EI | + | W5 × RT | = | RESULT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algae and microalgae | 0.14 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.28 | = | 0.42 |
RBC | 0.00 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.03 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.14 | = | 0.17 |
Organic adsorbents | 0.08 | + | 0.36 | + | 0.03 | + | 0.12 | + | 0.00 | = | 0.58 |
PAC and GAC | 0.20 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.00 | + | 0.12 | + | 0.24 | = | 0.56 |
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Guerrero-Gualan, D.; Valdez-Castillo, E.; Crisanto-Perrazo, T.; Toulkeridis, T. Methods of Removal of Hormones in Wastewater. Water 2023, 15, 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020353
Guerrero-Gualan D, Valdez-Castillo E, Crisanto-Perrazo T, Toulkeridis T. Methods of Removal of Hormones in Wastewater. Water. 2023; 15(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020353
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerrero-Gualan, Daniela, Eduardo Valdez-Castillo, Tania Crisanto-Perrazo, and Theofilos Toulkeridis. 2023. "Methods of Removal of Hormones in Wastewater" Water 15, no. 2: 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020353