Experimental Study on Gully Erosion Characteristics of Mountain Torrent Debris Flow in a Strong Earthquake Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Scheme Design
2.1. Experimental Apparatus and Equipment
2.2. Experimental Parameters
2.3. Experimental Scheme
3. Experimental Study on Lateral Erosion of Erodible Gully Bed
3.1. Erosion Form Analysis
- (1)
- Erosion degree analysis of debris flow unit weight change
- (2)
- Analysis on erosion degree of gully longitudinal slope change
- (3)
- Erosion degree analysis of different graded accumulations
3.2. Analysis of the Width, Depth, and the Volume of Erosion
- (1)
- Erosion width
- (2)
- Erosion depth
- (3)
- Volume of erosion
3.3. Multi-Factor ANOVA on Factors Influencing Side Erosion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Both debris flow erosion volume and width increased with increasing gully slope, with a good linear fit correlation. This indicates that the gully side bank slopes are more susceptible to erosion damage under the increasing slope. The size of erosion volume and erosion width of the gully by different fluids are increased by clear water, 1.6 g/cm3 mudflow, and 1.7 g/cm3 mudflow, in order. In terms of the erosion volume and erosion width of the accumulation, the most severe erosion was observed for grade I. This indicates that a greater or lower number of fine particles are not conducive to the occurrence of lateral erosion in the gully, and this also provides direction for lateral erosion prevention and cure in the gully.
- (2)
- Compared with rigid riverbeds, lateral erosion of erodible riverbeds changes from slope foot scouring to undercutting erosion, which leads to instability of the riverbank. In addition, the lateral erosion pattern of the debris flow can be summarized as: the debris flow forms a wash pit through undercutting erosion, and mixes and shears in the wash pit to enable the side bank slope to form a critical surface, resulting in the side bank slope instability under the combined effect of debris flow infiltration, erosion, and gravity into the debris flow, and finally the scale of debris flow increases.
- (3)
- Based on the multi-factor ANOVA analysis of experimental data, the total erosion and erosion width were influenced by each factor in the following order of magnitude under erodible trench bed conditions: fluid capacity, trench longitudinal slope, and fine particle content of the accumulation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density | Water | Soil | Sand |
---|---|---|---|
1.6 | 0.35 | 0.1 | 0.55 |
1.7 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.63 |
1.8 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.7 |
Gradation Types | Grading I | Grading II | Grading III |
---|---|---|---|
Content of fine particles (<1 mm) | 11.40% | 0.00% | 28.82% |
Number | Longitudinal Slope Gradient (°) | Fluid Density (g/cm3) | Gradation of Accumulation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | Water | Grading I |
2 | 16 | Water | Grading I |
3 | 12 | Water | Grading I |
4 | 8 | Water | Grading I |
5 | 20 | 1.7 | Grading I |
6 | 20 | 1.8 | Grading I |
7 | 20 | 1.6 | Grading I |
8 | 16 | 1.6 | Grading I |
9 | 12 | 1.6 | Grading I |
10 | 8 | 1.6 | Grading I |
11 | 16 | 1.7 | Grading I |
12 | 12 | 1.7 | Grading I |
13 | 16 | 1.7 | Grading II |
14 | 16 | 1.6 | Grading II |
15 | 16 | Water | Grading II |
16 | 16 | 1.6 | Grading III |
17 | 16 | 1.7 | Grading III |
18 | 16 | Water | Grading III |
Factor | Erosion Volume | Erosion Width | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | Significance p | F | Significance p | |
Density | 53.2988 | 0.000 | 35.450 | 0.000 |
Slope | 7.994 | 0.007 | 9.224 | 0.004 |
Graded | 1.922 | 0.202 | 2.883 | 0.108 |
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Zhang, J.; Luo, D.; Li, H.; Pei, L.; Yao, Q. Experimental Study on Gully Erosion Characteristics of Mountain Torrent Debris Flow in a Strong Earthquake Area. Water 2023, 15, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020283
Zhang J, Luo D, Li H, Pei L, Yao Q. Experimental Study on Gully Erosion Characteristics of Mountain Torrent Debris Flow in a Strong Earthquake Area. Water. 2023; 15(2):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020283
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiqin, Dengze Luo, Hongtao Li, Liang Pei, and Qiang Yao. 2023. "Experimental Study on Gully Erosion Characteristics of Mountain Torrent Debris Flow in a Strong Earthquake Area" Water 15, no. 2: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020283
APA StyleZhang, J., Luo, D., Li, H., Pei, L., & Yao, Q. (2023). Experimental Study on Gully Erosion Characteristics of Mountain Torrent Debris Flow in a Strong Earthquake Area. Water, 15(2), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020283