Response of Phytoplankton Communities to Variation in Salinity in a Small Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Future Management and Foreseen Climate Change Consequences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Microcosm Experiments
2.2.1. Microcosm Setup for Salinization Experiment
2.2.2. Microcosm Setup for Freshening Experiment
2.3. Phytoplankton Community
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physico-Chemical Parameters
3.2. Phytoplankton Biomass and Small-Sized Phytoplankton Structure
3.3. Phytoplankton Communities’ Composition by Pigment Analyses, Fluorometry, and Microscopy
3.4. Phytoplankton Communities’ Metabolism and Status
4. Discussion
4.1. Global Effects of Short-Term Salinity Changes
4.2. Perspectives and Implications on Future Management of Small Mediterranean Lagoons
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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July-Salinization | October-Freshening | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Initial Salinity In Situ | First Salinization (% of Starting Salinity) | Salinity after First Salinization | Second Salinization (% of Starting Salinity) | Salinity after Second Salinization (Final Salinity) | Initial Salinity In Situ | Freshening (% of Starting Salinity) | Salinity after Freshening (Final Salinity) |
C | 43 | +0% | 43 | +0% | 43 | 40 | −0% | 40 |
S1 | +12% | 48 | +23% | 53 | −17% | 33 | ||
S2 | +23% | 53 | +46% | 63 | −33% | 26 | ||
S3 | +35% | 58 | +69% | 73 | −50% | 20 |
Pigment | Taxonomic Group | Reference |
---|---|---|
Alloxanthin | Cryptophyta | 1, 2, 3 |
Chlorophyll b | Chlorophyta and green flagellates | 1, 2, 3 |
Divinyl Chlorophyll a | Prochlorophyta | 2 |
Fucoxanthin | Bacillariophyceae | 1, 2, 3 |
Lutein | Chlorophyta and Prasinophyta | 3 |
Neoxanthin | Chlorophyta and Prasinophyta | 3 |
Peridinin | Dinophyceae | 1, 2, 3 |
Prasinoxanthin | Prasinophyta | 3 |
Zeaxanthin | Cyanobacteria | 1, 2, 3 |
19′-Butanoyloxyfucoxanthin | Chrysophyta | 1 |
19′-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin | Prymnesiophyta | 1 |
July 2021-Salinization (Cellular Abundance-Cell L−1 ± SD) | October 2021-Freshening (Cellular Abundance-Cell L−1 ± SD) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxonomic Unit | In Situ | C | S1 | S2 | S3 | Taxonomic Unit | In Situ | C | S1 | S2 | S3 | ||||||||
Bacillariophyceae | Bacillariophyceae | ||||||||||||||||||
Navicula spp. | 30,828 | 158,689 | ±35,288 | 163,999 | ±26,625 | 115,443 | ±22,675 | 105,124 | ±22,128 | Licmophora spp. | 233,609 | 5078 | ±3044 | 1327 | ±2299 | 20,352 | ±1533 | 7669 | ±2703 |
Fragilariophycideae | 23,549 | 8259 | ±1842 | 5899 | ±1022 | 5870 | ±1752 | 2832 | ±811 | Nitzchia spp. | 196,444 | 105,505 | ±12,743 | 120,698 | ±20,844 | 192,020 | ±19,925 | 129,193 | ±41,391 |
Surirella sp. | 12,845 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Navicula spp. | 159,279 | 173,955 | ±67,309 | 135,033 | ±62,317 | 185,826 | ±23,143 | 163,409 | ±27,092 |
Cocconeis sp. | 11,132 | 9144 | ±2554 | 14,158 | ±9365 | 9494 | ±1957 | 10,088 | ±1405 | Fragilariophycideae | 132,733 | 8502 | ±3054 | 6371 | ±1839 | 8849 | ±1533 | 0 | ±0 |
Ardissonia sp. | 9420 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Small centric | 69,021 | 48,206 | ±10,089 | 61,234 | ±9866 | 143,351 | ±14,047 | 34,216 | ±14,195 |
Nitzschia sp. | 5994 | 61,057 | ±16,813 | 63,712 | ±19,467 | 42,618 | ±14,367 | 40,882 | ±8692 | Petroneis sp. | 47,784 | 0 | ±0 | 3451 | ±2871 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Petroneis sp. | 3854 | 295 | ±511 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Surirella sp. | 37,165 | 0 | ±0 | 354 | ±613 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Licmophora sp. | 3425 | 2655 | ±885 | 1770 | ±1770 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Chaetoceros sp. | 18,583 | 77,203 | ±22,813 | 101,585 | ±26,362 | 161,049 | ±12,545 | 87,309 | ±28,224 |
Stauroneis sp. | 3425 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Cocconeis sp. | 18,583 | 3853 | ±1263 | 3274 | ±668 | 5309 | ±4598 | 0 | ±0 |
Cylindrotheca closterium | 2141 | 15,633 | ±2703 | 5899 | ±2703 | 4059 | ±6436 | 0 | ±0 | Gyrosigma/Pleurosigma sp. | 13,273 | 2008 | ±1991 | 442 | ±766 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Diploneis sp. | 1713 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Diploneis sp. | 7964 | 340 | ±589 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Entomoneis sp. | 0 | 31,856 | ±20,809 | 47,194 | ±34,571 | 38,765 | ±8623 | 15,397 | ±10,737 | Amphora sp. | 5309 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Amphora sp. | 0 | 5014 | ±2845 | 5309 | ±1770 | 2256 | ±915 | 2478 | ±1105 | Entomoneis sp. | 2655 | 26,315 | ±7830 | 60,084 | ±11,201 | 324,752 | ±19,925 | 355,723 | ±54,863 |
Chaetoceros sp. | 0 | 2065 | ±3576 | 6489 | ±2044 | 239 | ±414 | 0 | ±0 | Cerataulina sp. | 0 | 2464 | ±2464 | 1770 | ±1533 | 17,698 | ±12,261 | 3540 | ±1770 |
Grammatophora sp. | 0 | 18,760 | ±9047 | 5752 | ±9962 | 7964 | ±13,794 | 0 | ±0 | ||||||||||
Dinophyceae | Dinophyceae | ||||||||||||||||||
Dinophyceae und. | 23,978 | 2360 | ±1022 | 2950 | ±2703 | 4887 | ±4559 | 2124 | ±1062 | Dinophyceae und. | 76,985 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Mesoporos sp. | 1713 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Alexandrium sp. | 79,640 | 12,402 | ±807 | 13,539 | ±8281 | 17,698 | ±5526 | 2360 | ±1022 |
Prorocentrum spp. | 856 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | Prorocentrum micans | 13,273 | 6643 | ±1655 | 1681 | ±853 | 3540 | ±1533 | 0 | ±0 |
Dinophysis sp. | 0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 239 | ±414 | 0 | ±0 | Akashiwo sanguinea | 0 | 442 | ±766 | 4513 | ±3326 | 2655 | ±2655 | 9439 | ±1022 |
Chlorophyta | 0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | ||||||||||
Pyramimonas sp. | 18,411 | 21,827 | ±9210 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | ||||||||||
Cryptophyceae | 58,402 | 20,625 | ±1061 | 34,864 | ±7439 | 79,640 | ±5309 | 33,036 | ±5109 | ||||||||||
Others | Others | ||||||||||||||||||
Small flagellates und. | 0 | 20,647 | ±2554 | 29,496 | ±5407 | 26,235 | ±6537 | 8672 | ±2146 | Dictyochophyceae | |||||||||
Small coccoid und. | 0 | 0 | ±0 | 42,474 | ±3540 | 40,671 | ±7797 | 23,715 | ±8648 | Dictyocha sp. | 2655 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 |
Raphidophyceae | 0 | 5899 | ±2703 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | ||||||||||
und.1 | 0 | 0 | ±0 | 0 | ±0 | 2476 | ±1529 | 1239 | ±2146 |
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Ligorini, V.; Garrido, M.; Malet, N.; Simon, L.; Alonso, L.; Bastien, R.; Aiello, A.; Cecchi, P.; Pasqualini, V. Response of Phytoplankton Communities to Variation in Salinity in a Small Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Future Management and Foreseen Climate Change Consequences. Water 2023, 15, 3214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183214
Ligorini V, Garrido M, Malet N, Simon L, Alonso L, Bastien R, Aiello A, Cecchi P, Pasqualini V. Response of Phytoplankton Communities to Variation in Salinity in a Small Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Future Management and Foreseen Climate Change Consequences. Water. 2023; 15(18):3214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183214
Chicago/Turabian StyleLigorini, Viviana, Marie Garrido, Nathalie Malet, Louise Simon, Loriane Alonso, Romain Bastien, Antoine Aiello, Philippe Cecchi, and Vanina Pasqualini. 2023. "Response of Phytoplankton Communities to Variation in Salinity in a Small Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: Future Management and Foreseen Climate Change Consequences" Water 15, no. 18: 3214. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183214