Soil Water Regime, Air Temperature, and Precipitation as the Main Drivers of the Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions from West Siberian Peatlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Wetland-DNDC Model Description
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Simulation Modeling of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes with Different Scenarios of Air Temperature
3.2. Simulation Modeling of Precipitation
3.3. Simulation Modeling of Groundwater (Water Table)—WT
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Model Unit | Wetland-DNDC Model Input Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|
Climate | [Latitude]: The latitude (decimal unit) of site location; | 56.58 |
[N in precipitation]: Annually averaged N (dissolved nitrate and ammonium) concentration in rainfall in unit mg N/L or ppm. The ratio between the units of measurement mg/L and ppm is almost equal then, it can be assumed that 1 mg/L = 1 ppm. | 2.79 | |
[Atmospheric background CO2 concentration (ppm) (350)]: Atmospheric background CO2 concentration (default value set up 350 ppm). | 350 | |
[Simulated years]: An integer number of total simulated years. | 1 | |
Daily air maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), Rainfall (mm), and Solar radiation (mj/m2/day) table data file | ||
Hydrological | Daily observed water table data file (cm) | |
Forest: Upper story | [Soil fertility]: This is a float number from 1.0 (for fertile soil) to 5.0 (for poor soil). | 1.42857 |
[Upper-story age]: Age of upper-story trees. | 85 | |
[Upper-story type]: Dominant type of upper-story trees. | Pine | |
[Leaf]: Initial leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 1187 | |
[Wood]: Initial woody biomass, kg C/ha. | 60,000 | |
[Root]: Initial root biomass, kg C/ha. | 4349 | |
[MaxL]: Maximum leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 1771.5 | |
[MinL]: Minimum leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 492 | |
[PlantN]: Initial plant N storage, kg N/ha. | 8 | |
[BudC]: Initial available C stored in buds, kg C/ha. | 50 | |
[WoodC]: Initial available C stored in woody biomass, kg C/ha. | 1380 | |
[PlantC]: Initial available C stored in forest, kg C/ha. | 9350 | |
[Initial leaf N content %]: Initial N concentration in foliage, % by weight. | 0.4 | |
[AmaxA, n mole CO2/g/s] Coefficients for photosynthesis curve. | 2 | |
[AmaxB]: Coefficients for photosynthesis curve. | 26 | |
[Optimum Psn temperature]: Optimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 20 | |
[Minimum Psn temperature]: Minimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 5 | |
[Amax fraction]: Daily Amax as a fraction of instantaneous Amax. | 0.76 | |
[Growth respiration fraction]: Growth respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.2 | |
[Dark respiration fraction]: | 0.075 | |
[Wood maintain resp. frac]: Wood maintenance respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.3 | |
[Root maintain resp. frac]: Root maintenance respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.12 | |
[Light half satur constant]: Half saturation light intensity, µ mole/m2/s. | 200 | |
[Respiration Q10]: Effect of temperature on respiration. | 2.6 | |
[Canopy light attenuation k]: Light attenuation constant. | 1.4 | |
[Water use efficiency]: Water demand for producing a unit of biomass. | 13.9 | |
[DVPD 1] Coefficients for calculating vapor pressure deficit | 0.05 | |
[DVPD2]: Coefficients for calculating vapor pressure deficit. | 2 | |
[Max leaf growth rate]: Maximum foliage growth rate, %/year. | 0.3 | |
[Max wood growth rate]: Maximum wood growth rate, %/year. | 0.9 | |
[Leaf start TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for starting leaf growth. | 900 | |
[Wood start TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for starting wood growth. | 900 | |
[Leaf end TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for ceasing leaf growth. | 1600 | |
[Wood end TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for ceasing wood growth. | 1600 | |
[Leaf N retranslocation]: Fraction of leaf N transferred to plant N storage during senescence. | 0.22 | |
[Senesc start day]: Starting Julian day for senescence. | 246 | |
[Leaf C/N]: C/N ratio in foliage. | 59 | |
[Wood C/N]: C/N ratio in woody biomass. | 1364 | |
[Leaf retention]: Time span of leaf retention, years. | 2 | |
[C reserve fraction]: Fraction of available C for plant reserve. | 0.75 | |
[C fraction of dry matter]: C/dry matter ratio. | 0.49 | |
[Specific leaf weight]: Specific leaf weight, g dry matter/m2 leaf. | 280 | |
[Min wood/leaf]: Minimum wood/leaf ratio. | 5.5 | |
[Leaf geometry]: Leaf geometry index. | 2.73 | |
[Max N storage]: Maximum N content in forest, kg N/ha. | 410 | |
[SLWdel]: Change in specific leaf weight with foliage biomass, g dry matter/(m2 leaf * g foliage mass). | 0 | |
Forest: Under story | [Upper-story age]: Age of upper-story trees. | 5 |
[Upper-story type]: Dominant type of upper-story trees. | Pine | |
[Leaf]: Initial leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 1524 | |
[Wood]: Initial woody biomass, kg C/ha. | 450 | |
[Root]: Initial root biomass, kg C/ha. | 824 | |
[MaxL]: Maximum leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 1517 | |
[MinL]: Minimum leaf biomass, kg C/ha. | 632 | |
[PlantN]: Initial plant N storage, kg N/ha. | 0 | |
[BudC]: Initial available C stored in buds, kg C/ha. | 21 | |
[WoodC]: Initial available C stored in woody biomass, kg C/ha. | 0 | |
[PlantC]: Initial available C stored in forest, kg C/ha. | 0 | |
[Initial leaf N content %]: Initial N concentration in foliage, % by weight. | 0.4 | |
[AmaxA, n mole CO2/g/s] Coefficients for photosynthesis curve. | 2 | |
[AmaxB]: Coefficients for photosynthesis curve. | 26 | |
[Optimum Psn temperature]: Optimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C | 20 | |
[Minimum Psn temperature]: Minimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 5 | |
[Amax fraction]: Daily Amax as a fraction of instantaneous Amax. | 0.76 | |
[Growth respiration fraction]: Growth respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.2 | |
[Dark respiration fraction]: | 0.075 | |
[Wood maintain resp. frac]: Wood maintenance respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.3 | |
[Root maintain resp. frac]: Root maintenance respiration as a fraction of gross photosynthesis. | 0.12 | |
[Light half satur constant]: Half saturation light intensity, µ mole/m2/s. | 200 | |
[Respiration Q10]: Effect of temperature on respiration. | 2.6 | |
[Canopy light attenuation k]: Light attenuation constant. | 1.4 | |
[Water use efficiency]: Water demand for producing a unit of biomass. | 13.9 | |
[DVPD 1] Coefficients for calculating vapor pressure deficit | 0.05 | |
[DVPD2]: Coefficients for calculating vapor pressure deficit. | 2 | |
[Max leaf growth rate]: Maximum foliage growth rate, %/year. | 0.3 | |
[Max wood growth rate]: Maximum wood growth rate, %/year. | 0.9 | |
[Leaf start TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for starting leaf growth. | 900 | |
[Wood start TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for starting wood growth. | 900 | |
[Leaf end TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for ceasing leaf growth. | 1600 | |
[Wood end TDD]: Accumulative thermal degree days for ceasing wood growth. | 1600 | |
[Leaf N retranslocation]: Fraction of leaf N transferred to plant N storage during senescence. | 0.22 | |
[Senesc start day]: Starting Julian day for senescence. | 246 | |
[Leaf C/N]: C/N ratio in foliage. | 59 | |
[Wood C/N]: C/N ratio in woody biomass. | 1364 | |
[Leaf retention]: Time span of leaf retention, years. | 2 | |
[C reserve fraction]: Fraction of available C for plant reserve. | 0.75 | |
[C fraction of dry matter]: C/dry matter ratio. | 0.49 | |
[Specific leaf weight]: Specific leaf weight, g dry matter/m2 leaf. | 280 | |
[Min wood/leaf]: Minimum wood/leaf ratio. | 5.5 | |
[Leaf geometry]: Leaf geometry index. | 2.73 | |
[Max N storage]: Maximum N content in forest, kg N/ha. | 410 | |
[SLWdel]: Change in specific leaf weight with foliage biomass, g dry matter/(m2 leaf * g foliage mass). | 0 | |
Forest: Sedges | Above-ground biomass, kg C/ha | 17.2 |
[Alpha]: surface inflow relative to precipitation. | 0.05 | |
[Max Psn, umol CO2/m2/s]: maximumphotosynthesis. | 3.77 | |
[Min T for Psn]: minimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 5 | |
[MaxT for Psn]: maximum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 30 | |
[Opt T for Psn]: optimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 20 | |
[MaxLAI]: maximum leaf area index. | 0.23 | |
[Rooting depth, m]: Rooting depth. | 0.2 | |
[Shoot/root ratio]: Shoot/root ratio. | 1.5 | |
Forest: Mosses | Above-ground biomass, kg C/ha | 1665 |
[Alpha]: surface inflow relative to precipitation. | 0.01 | |
[Max Psn, umol CO2/m2/s]: maximum photosynthesis. | 5.5 | |
[Min T for Psn]: minimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 5 | |
[MaxT for Psn]: maximum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 35 | |
[Opt T for Psn]: optimum temperature for photosynthesis, °C. | 20 | |
[MaxLAI]: maximum leaf area index. | 3.18 | |
[Rooting depth, m]: Rooting depth. | 0.1 | |
[Shoot/root ratio]: Shoot/root ratio. | 0.1 | |
Soil | [Forest floor type] is defined based on quality of the organic matter in the forest floor. The categories are rohhumus, moder, and mulls. | rohhumus |
[Mineral soil type] is defined based on proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil. There are 12 soil types, including sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silt loam, loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, clay, and organic soil. | organic or peat | |
[Thickness of forest floor] is the total thickness of the organic layer. The default thickness is 1.5 and 0.2 m for wetland and upland forests, respectively. | 0.5 | |
[Thickness of mineral soil] is the total thickness of the mineral layers of the soil profile. The default thickness is 0.02 and 0.3 m for wetland and upland forests, respectively. | 2.5 | |
[pH] is soil acidity. | 3.7 | |
[SOC, kg C/kg 5 cm] is soil organic carbon concentration at the top soil (0–5 cm). The unit is kg C/kg soil: | ||
forest floor | 0.5 | |
mineral soil | 0.05 | |
[SOC, kg C/ha] is soil organic carbon content in the entire organic or mineral profile. The unit is kg C/ha: | ||
forest floor | 770 | |
mineral soil | 20,343.8 | |
[Bypass flow] is water flow through the macro pore. 0 is no bypass flow; 1 indicates there is bypass flow. | 0 | |
[Stone fraction] is fraction of stone content in the soil. | 0 | |
[Soil profile thickness (m)] is the total thickness of the entire soil profile, including the forest floor and the mineral layers. | 3 | |
[Total layers] is the number of total organic and mineral layers. | 34 | |
[Bulk Density (g/cm3)] is soil bulk density. The unit is g soil per cubic cm. | ||
Organic | 0.1 | |
Mineral | 0.1 | |
[Clay % (0–1)] is clay fraction by weight. | ||
Organic | 0.01 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Hydrologic conductivity] is soil-saturated hydrological conductivity. The unit is cm per minute. | ||
Organic | 1.33 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Porosity] is pore volumetric fraction of the soil. | ||
Organic | 0.92 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Field Capacity] is the maximum water-filled fraction of total porosity in a freely drained soil. | ||
Organic | 0.75 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Wilting Point] is the maximum water-filled fraction of total porosity at which the plant starts wilting permanently. | ||
Organic | 0.7 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Litter fraction] is decomposing plant or animal residue C percent of total SOC. | ||
Organic | 0.099 | |
Mineral | 0.001 | |
[Humads fraction] is living microbial biomass C and active humus C percent of total SOC. | ||
Organic | 0.99 | |
Mineral | 0.2312 | |
[Humus fraction] is resistant humus C percent of total SOC. | ||
Organic | 0.001 | |
Mineral | 0.7678 | |
Manage | Missing | 0 |
NEE0 | NEE1 | NEE2 | NEE3 | NEE4 | NEE1* | NEE2* | NEE3* | NEE4* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEE0 | 1.000 | 0.889 | 0.757 | 0.521 | 0.383 | 0.915 | 0.800 | 0.687 | 0.573 | Rs |
NEE1 | 0.958 | 1.000 | 0.886 | 0.677 | 0.545 | 0.935 | 0.898 | 0.794 | 0.687 | |
NEE2 | 0.846 | 0.963 | 1.000 | 0.861 | 0.749 | 0.849 | 0.909 | 0.880 | 0.818 | |
NEE3 | 0.706 | 0.877 | 0.974 | 1.000 | 0.933 | 0.635 | 0.773 | 0.793 | 0.807 | |
NEE4 | 0.574 | 0.781 | 0.920 | 0.984 | 1.000 | 0.503 | 0.685 | 0.757 | 0.811 | |
NEE1* | 0.972 | 0.984 | 0.920 | 0.815 | 0.704 | 1.000 | 0.900 | 0.799 | 0.684 | |
NEE2* | 0.893 | 0.967 | 0.965 | 0.907 | 0.830 | 0.968 | 1.000 | 0.944 | 0.858 | |
NEE3* | 0.746 | 0.870 | 0.922 | 0.913 | 0.873 | 0.870 | 0.960 | 1.000 | 0.945 | |
NEE4* | 0.626 | 0.787 | 0.882 | 0.911 | 0.901 | 0.771 | 0.900 | 0.980 | 1.000 | |
r |
NEE4− | NEE3− | NEE2− | NEE1− | NEE0 | NEE1+ | NEE2+ | NEE3+ | NEE4+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEE4− | 1.000 | 0.961 | 0.937 | 0.906 | 0.910 | 0.900 | 0.902 | 0.891 | 0.890 | Rs |
NEE3− | 0.994 | 1.000 | 0.987 | 0.956 | 0.955 | 0.948 | 0.952 | 0.942 | 0.936 | |
NEE2− | 0.986 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 0.975 | 0.974 | 0.968 | 0.972 | 0.961 | 0.953 | |
NEE1− | 0.955 | 0.978 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 0.992 | 0.995 | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.975 | |
NEE0 | 0.941 | 0.967 | 0.980 | 0.998 | 1.000 | 0.994 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.969 | |
NEE1+ | 0.940 | 0.967 | 0.980 | 0.998 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.987 | 0.983 | 0.974 | |
NEE2+ | 0.940 | 0.967 | 0.980 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.989 | 0.981 | |
NEE3+ | 0.944 | 0.970 | 0.982 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 0.993 | |
NEE4+ | 0.944 | 0.969 | 0.981 | 0.996 | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
r |
NEEx | No. of Observ. | Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Low Quartile | Upper Quartile | Mean Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEE4− | 365 | −6.02 | 2.86 | −41.71 | 38.02 | −17.07 | 3.27 | 14.46 |
NEE3− | 365 | −5.12 | 2.90 | −41.86 | 47.80 | −14.45 | 3.40 | 14.39 |
NEE2− | 365 | −4.59 | 2.91 | −41.85 | 54.78 | −13.90 | 3.41 | 14.39 |
NEE1− | 365 | −3.78 | 2.91 | −41.86 | 73.79 | −13.51 | 3.42 | 14.83 |
NEE0 | 365 | −3.51 | 2.93 | −41.85 | 80.53 | −12.54 | 3.44 | 15.13 |
NEE1+ | 365 | −3.51 | 2.92 | −41.75 | 81.59 | −12.21 | 3.43 | 15.12 |
NEE2+ | 365 | −3.33 | 2.98 | −41.45 | 80.22 | −11.95 | 3.44 | 14.82 |
NEE3+ | 365 | −3.39 | 2.98 | −41.08 | 78.22 | −12.55 | 3.45 | 14.74 |
NEE4+ | 365 | −3.44 | 2.98 | −41.11 | 78.70 | −12.66 | 3.45 | 14.75 |
NEEx | 5− | 3− | 2− | 1− | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5− | 1.00 | 0.529 | 0.400 | 0.291 | 0.108 | 0.213 | 0.159 | 0.047 | 0.004 | Rs |
3− | 0.867 | 1.000 | 0.885 | 0.677 | 0.424 | 0.382 | 0.407 | 0.229 | 0.153 | |
2− | 0.781 | 0.959 | 1.00 | 0.792 | 0.531 | 0.488 | 0.515 | 0.352 | 0.282 | |
1− | 0.645 | 0.865 | 0.932 | 1.000 | 0.722 | 0.685 | 0.678 | 0.551 | 0.487 | |
0 | 0.332 | 0.590 | 0.714 | 0.822 | 1.00 | 0.820 | 0.811 | 0.717 | 0.677 | |
1 | 0.255 | 0.466 | 0.562 | 0.716 | 0.877 | 1.000 | 0.909 | 0.862 | 0.797 | |
2 | 0.179 | 0.475 | 0.592 | 0.740 | 0.885 | 0.913 | 1.00 | 0.892 | 0.826 | |
3 | −0.092 | 0.164 | 0.310 | 0.483 | 0.784 | 0.863 | 0.883 | 1.000 | 0.905 | |
6 | −0.230 | 0.034 | 0.194 | 0.407 | 0.750 | 0.828 | 0.840 | 0.943 | 1.00 | |
r |
NEEx | No. of Observ. | Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Low Quartile | Upper Quartile | Mean Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEE5− | 365 | 13.15 | 4.75 | −44.63 | 174.40 | 2.34 | 5.97 | 35.05 |
NEE3− | 365 | 9.61 | 4.79 | −49.49 | 163.37 | 4.12 | 9.10 | 28.61 |
NEE2− | 365 | 5.43 | 4.15 | −52.06 | 160.44 | 2.86 | 6.27 | 26.29 |
NEE1− | 365 | 0.94 | 3.48 | −52.57 | 125.86 | −2.86 | 4.21 | 21.18 |
NEE0 | 365 | −3.51 | 2.93 | −41.85 | 80.53 | −12.54 | 3.44 | 15.13 |
NEE1 | 365 | −5.87 | 2.82 | −44.47 | 44.65 | −14.62 | 3.06 | 15.89 |
NEE2 | 365 | −5.88 | 2.77 | −45.09 | 48.32 | −16.09 | 2.96 | 16.31 |
NEE3 | 365 | −8.99 | 2.67 | −45.57 | 35.58 | −23.45 | 2.91 | 16.89 |
NEE6 | 365 | −10.26 | 2.17 | −45.59 | 5.00 | −25.93 | 2.35 | 16.42 |
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Month | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970–1987/ 1988–2019 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.2 * | 1.22 | 2.04 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.7 * | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.99 |
Tk °C | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
base model | 10,818 | 6189 | 3291 | 56 | 9535 | −1283 | 118 | 8229 | 3614 |
+1 | 11,057 | 6576 | 3893 | 57 | 10,526 | −531 | 145 | 9394 | 3769 |
+2 | 11,096 | 6803 | 4598 | 60 | 11,461 | 365 | 177 | 10,567 | 3897 |
+3 | 11,069 | 7031 | 5412 | 63 | 12,506 | 1437 | 214 | 11,725 | 4006 |
+4 | 10,991 | 7237 | 6352 | 67 | 13,656 | 2665 | 254 | 12,947 | 4302 |
+1 * | 11,178 | 6457 | 3600 | 57 | 10,113 | −1065 | 144 | 8620 | 3718 |
+2 * | 11,604 | 6880 | 4064 | 59 | 11,003 | −601 | 177 | 9356 | 3806 |
+3 * | 11,980 | 7369 | 4566 | 62 | 11,997 | 17 | 227 | 9817 | 3881 |
+4 * | 12,034 | 7439 | 4998 | 65 | 12,502 | 468 | 264 | 9787 | 3980 |
Tk °C | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+1 | 2.2 | 6.3 | 18.3 | 1.8 | 10.4 | 58.6 | 22.9 | 14.2 | 4.3 |
+2 | 2.6 | 9.9 | 39.7 | 7.1 | 20.2 | 128.4 | 50.0 | 28.4 | 7.8 |
+3 | 2.3 | 13.6 | 64.4 | 12.5 | 31.2 | 212.0 | 81.4 | 42.5 | 10.8 |
+4 | 1.6 | 16.9 | 93.0 | 19.6 | 43.2 | 307.7 | 115.3 | 57.3 | 19.0 |
+1 * | 3.3 | 4.3 | 9.4 | 1.8 | 6.1 | 17.0 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 2.9 |
+2 * | 7.3 | 11.2 | 23.5 | 5.4 | 15.4 | 53.2 | 50.0 | 13.7 | 5.3 |
+3 * | 10.7 | 19.1 | 38.7 | 10.7 | 25.8 | 101.3 | 92.4 | 19.3 | 7.4 |
+4 * | 11.2 | 20.2 | 51.9 | 16.1 | 31.1 | 136.5 | 123.7 | 18.9 | 10.1 |
P, mm | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
160 | 10,818 | 6173 | 2398 | 48 | 8620 | −2198 | 113 | 1164 | 1688 |
240 | 10,818 | 6167 | 2730 | 50 | 8948 | −1870 | 113 | 2164 | 2269 |
320 | 10,818 | 6170 | 2919 | 53 | 9143 | −1675 | 115 | 3463 | 2791 |
380 | 10,818 | 6178 | 3206 | 53 | 9437 | −1381 | 116 | 5546 | 2731 |
430 * | 10,818 | 6189 | 3291 | 56 | 9535 | −1283 | 118 | 8229 | 3614 |
550 | 10,818 | 6183 | 3298 | 57 | 9538 | −1280 | 117 | 9447 | 3727 |
680 | 10,818 | 6185 | 3298 | 119 | 9602 | −1216 | 117 | 9896 | 4128 |
1020 | 10,818 | 6173 | 3278 | 130 | 9580 | −1238 | 114 | 10,675 | 5002 |
1350 | 10,818 | 6166 | 3257 | 139 | 9561 | −1257 | 112 | 10,897 | 5542 |
NEEk | P, mm | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEE4− | −62.79 | 0 | −0.26 | −27.13 | −14.29 | −9.60 | −71.32 | −4.24 | −85.85 | −53.29 |
NEE3− | −44.19 | 0 | −0.36 | −17.05 | −10.71 | −6.16 | −45.75 | −4.24 | −73.70 | −37.22 |
NEE2− | −25.58 | 0 | −0.31 | −11.30 | −5.36 | −4.11 | −30.55 | −2.54 | −57.92 | −22.77 |
NEE1− | −11.63 | 0 | −0.18 | −2.58 | −5.36 | −1.03 | −7.64 | −1.69 | −32.60 | −24.43 |
NEE0 | 0.00 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NEE1+ | 27.91 | 0 | −0.10 | 0.21 | 1.79 | 0.03 | 0.23 | −0.85 | 14.80 | 3.13 |
NEE2+ | 58.14 | 0 | −0.06 | 0.21 | 112.50 | 0.70 | 5.22 | −0.85 | 20.26 | 14.22 |
NEE3+ | 137.21 | 0 | −0.26 | −0.40 | 132.14 | 0.47 | 3.51 | −3.39 | 29.72 | 38.41 |
NEE4+ | 213.95 | 0 | −0.37 | −1.03 | 148.21 | 0.27 | 2.03 | −5.08 | 32.42 | 53.35 |
WT, cm | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT5- | −102 | 10,293 | 6244 | 4233 | 4617 | 15,094 | 4801 | 0 | 18,135 | 9436 |
WT3- | −49 | 12,062 | 6243 | 4768 | 4560 | 15,571 | 3509 | 1 | 17,141 | 9463 |
WT2- | −39 | 12,011 | 6241 | 4686 | 3065 | 13,992 | 1981 | 11 | 16,054 | 7397 |
WT1- | −29 | 11,618 | 6229 | 4494 | 1239 | 11,961 | 343 | 45 | 13,567 | 5544 |
WT0 | −21 * | 10,818 | 6189 | 3291 | 56 | 9535 | −1283 | 118 | 8229 | 3614 |
WT1 | −18 | 10,485 | 6182 | 2110 | 50 | 8342 | −2143 | 165 | 5663 | 2291 |
WT2 | −15 | 9927 | 6132 | 1600 | 48 | 7779 | −2148 | 256 | 4459 | 1794 |
WT3 | −12 | 9927 | 6123 | 478 | 45 | 6646 | −3281 | 729 | 1380 | 702 |
WT6 | −1 | 9925 | 6114 | 20 | 46 | 6179 | −3746 | 2893 | 12 | 49 |
WT8 | 15 | 9925 | 6114 | 20 | 46 | 6179 | −3746 | 2893 | 12 | 49 |
WT, cm | G_Psn | Plant-CO2 | Litter-CO2 | Soil-CO2 | CO2 | NEE | CH4 | NO | N2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−385.71 | −4.85 | 0.89 | 28.62 | 8144.64 | 58.30 | 474.20 | −100.00 | 120.38 | 161.10 |
−133.33 | 11.50 | 0.87 | 44.88 | 8042.86 | 63.30 | 373.50 | −99.15 | 108.30 | 161.84 |
−85.71 | 11.03 | 0.84 | 42.39 | 5373.21 | 46.74 | 254.40 | −90.68 | 95.09 | 104.68 |
−38.10 | 7.40 | 0.65 | 36.55 | 2112.50 | 25.44 | 126.73 | −61.86 | 64.87 | 53.40 |
0 * | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
14.29 | −3.08 | −0.11 | −35.89 | −10.71 | −12.51 | −67.03 | 39.83 | −31.18 | −36.61 |
28.57 | −8.24 | −0.92 | −51.38 | −14.29 | −18.42 | −67.42 | 116.95 | −45.81 | −50.36 |
42.86 | −8.24 | −1.07 | −85.48 | −19.64 | −30.30 | −155.73 | 517.80 | −83.23 | −80.58 |
95.24 | −8.25 | −1.21 | −99.39 | −17.86 | −35.20 | −191.97 | 2351.69 | −99.85 | −98.64 |
171.43 | −8.25 | −1.21 | −99.39 | −17.86 | −35.20 | −191.97 | 2351.69 | −99.85 | −98.64 |
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Mikhalchuk, A.; Kharanzhevskaya, Y.; Burnashova, E.; Nekhoda, E.; Gammerschmidt, I.; Akerman, E.; Kirpotin, S.; Nikitkin, V.; Khovalyg, A.; Vorobyev, S. Soil Water Regime, Air Temperature, and Precipitation as the Main Drivers of the Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions from West Siberian Peatlands. Water 2023, 15, 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173056
Mikhalchuk A, Kharanzhevskaya Y, Burnashova E, Nekhoda E, Gammerschmidt I, Akerman E, Kirpotin S, Nikitkin V, Khovalyg A, Vorobyev S. Soil Water Regime, Air Temperature, and Precipitation as the Main Drivers of the Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions from West Siberian Peatlands. Water. 2023; 15(17):3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173056
Chicago/Turabian StyleMikhalchuk, Alexander, Yulia Kharanzhevskaya, Elena Burnashova, Evgeniya Nekhoda, Irina Gammerschmidt, Elena Akerman, Sergey Kirpotin, Viktor Nikitkin, Aldynai Khovalyg, and Sergey Vorobyev. 2023. "Soil Water Regime, Air Temperature, and Precipitation as the Main Drivers of the Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions from West Siberian Peatlands" Water 15, no. 17: 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173056
APA StyleMikhalchuk, A., Kharanzhevskaya, Y., Burnashova, E., Nekhoda, E., Gammerschmidt, I., Akerman, E., Kirpotin, S., Nikitkin, V., Khovalyg, A., & Vorobyev, S. (2023). Soil Water Regime, Air Temperature, and Precipitation as the Main Drivers of the Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions from West Siberian Peatlands. Water, 15(17), 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173056