Possible Origin and Distribution of an Invasive Diatom Species, Skeletonema potamos, in Yangtze River Basin (China)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Examination and Analysis
2.2. Sample Isolation and Cultivation
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Observations of S. potamos
3.2. World Distribution of S. potamos
3.3. Genetic Diversity
3.4. Ecology Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Morphological Comparison
4.2. Possible Origin of S. potamos in China
4.3. The Diffusion Pattern and Dominant Mechanism of S. potamos in China
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Markers | Primers Names | Primers Sequences (5′–3′) |
---|---|---|
cox1 | Fd | GGAACTTTATATTTAATCTTTGGTGC |
1047R | AATACCAGAATTAGCAAGAACAAC | |
424F | GCGTCTTCTATTTTAGGTG | |
644R | GGATCACCTCCACCACCAGC | |
nLSU rDNA | D1R | ACCCGCTGAATTTAAGCATA |
D2C | CCTTGGTCCGTGTTTCAAGA | |
nSSU rDNA | 11F | TGATCCTGCCAGTAGTCATACGCT |
1147R | AGTTTCAGCCTTGCGACCATAC | |
rbcL | 66F | TTAAGGAGAAATAAATGTCTCAATCTG |
1255R | TTGGTGCATTTGACCACAGT | |
psbC | 22F | CGTGGTGATACATAGTTA |
1154R | GCDCATGCTGGTTTAATGG |
cox1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 LC192721 FCH102 (Japan) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
2 LC192723 FCH106 (Japan) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
3 AB706249 FCH024 (Japan) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
4 LC192720 FCH101 (Japan) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
5 LC192731 FCH159 (Japan) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
6 LC192732 FIS101 (Japan) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | |
7 OP699718 cjh2 (China) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | |
rbcL | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
1 KJ081746 AJA010-19 (USA) | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||
2 KF621301 (Hungary) | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||
3 OP819055 cjh2 (China) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Chloroplast | Frustule Diameter (µm) | Pervalvar Axis (µm) | Distance between Cells (µm) | Number of FPPs | RP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed | 1–2 | 1.3–3 | 4–12 | 0.2–0.4 | 3–6 | 1 |
Weber (1970) [7] | several | 3–4 | 4–8 | — | 5–8 | — |
Hasle and Evensen (1976) [6] | 1–2 (4) | 3–4 | — | — | 6–8 | 1 |
Belcher and Swale (1978) [25] | 1–2 | 3–4 | 6–10 | 0, >1 | 5–6 | 1 |
Torgan et al. (2009) [9] | 1–2 | 3–4, 5 | 6–10 | — | 5–7 | 1 |
Kiss et al. (2012) [30] | — | 3–6.5 | 5–18 | — | 3–8 | 1 |
Cavalcante et al. (2013) [31] | — | 2.4–3.6 | 4.4–7.3 | short | 4–8 | 1 |
Location | WT (°C) | Sal (psu) | TP (mg L−1) | COD (mg L−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tidal area of the Chikugo River (Japan) | 28.2 | 13.0 | — | — | Yamada et al., 2013 [36] |
Lake Kasumigaura (Japan) | 11.0–18.0 (D) | — | 0.05–0.175 (D) | 5–7 (D) | Numazawa, 2005 [37] |
Cedar River Basin (USA) | 11.0–16.0 | — | 0.9–1.9 | — | Main, 1977 [38] |
Patos Lagoon (Brazil) | 19.0 | 4.0 | — | — | Bergesch et al., 2009 [28] |
River Ebro (Spain) | 28.0 | — | — | — | Sabater and Muñoz, 1990 [39] |
River Rott-Postmünster (Germany) | 17.7–19.8 | — | — | — | Chang and Steinberg, 1988 [40] |
River Cachoeira (Brazil) | 24.6 (M) | — | — | — | Cavalcante et al., 2013 [31] |
Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil) | 14.0–24.0 | 0.0–7.2 | — | — | Lezilda et al., 2011 [9] |
River Danube, near Budapest (Hungary) | 14.0–25.0 | — | — | — | Kiss et al., 1994 [30] |
River Danube at Göd (Hungary) | 14.9–27.0 | — | — | — | Duleba et al., 2014 [1] |
River Danube (Croatia) | 8.0–23.0 | — | — | — | Mihaljević et al., 2013 [41] |
Little Miami River (OH, USA) | 6.0–29.0 | — | 0.455 | — | Weber, 1970 [7] |
Estuary of the River Ebro (Spain) | 9.8–27.3 | 2.3–5.1 | — | — | Pérez et al., 2009 [42] |
Rideau River (ON, Canada) | 11.9–26.8 | — | 0.037 | — | Hamilton et al., 2011 [43] |
River Rhine (Netherlands) | — | 0.2–0.9 | — | — | Admiraal et al., 1994 [44] |
Chesapeake Bay (Virginia, USA) | 14.1 | — | — | — | Lomas and Glibert, 1999 [45] |
San Francisco Bay (CA, USA) | 17.0–22.0 | 0.0–5.0 | — | — | Cloern and Dufford, 2005 [46] |
River Meuse at Namur (Belgium) | 12.0–22.0 (D) | — | — | — | Gosselain et al., 1994 [47] |
Salado River, El Vado stream (Argentina) | 11.0–30.0 | — | 0.52–0.63 | — | Devercelli and Farrell., 2013 [48] |
Parana’ River (Argentina) | 12.0–29.0 | — | — | — | Devercelli, 2006 [49] |
Suisun Bay (USA) | 21.5 | — | — | — | Lehman et al., 2010 [50] |
San Joaquin River (CA, USA) | 24.4–25.6 | — | — | — | Brown and May, 2004 [51] |
San Joaquin River (CA, USA) | 21.0–25.5 | — | 0.14 | — | Lehman, 2007 [52] |
Po River (Italy) | — | — | 0.302 | — | Tavernini et al., 2011 [53] |
Sava River (Republic of Serbia) | — | — | 0.067–0.092 | 2.45–3.45 | Čađo et al., 2006 [54] |
Moselle River (France) | — | — | 0.1 | 19.6 | Heudre et al., 2020 [8] |
Estuary of River York (VA, USA) | — | — | 0.01–0.13 | — | Marshall et al., 1990 [55] |
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Hu, J.; Yang, Z.; Yi, Y.; Shu, Z.; Yu, P.; You, Q.; Wang, Q. Possible Origin and Distribution of an Invasive Diatom Species, Skeletonema potamos, in Yangtze River Basin (China). Water 2023, 15, 2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162875
Hu J, Yang Z, Yi Y, Shu Z, Yu P, You Q, Wang Q. Possible Origin and Distribution of an Invasive Diatom Species, Skeletonema potamos, in Yangtze River Basin (China). Water. 2023; 15(16):2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162875
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Jingwen, Zhengxin Yang, Yuxin Yi, Zhaoqing Shu, Pan Yu, Qingmin You, and Quanxi Wang. 2023. "Possible Origin and Distribution of an Invasive Diatom Species, Skeletonema potamos, in Yangtze River Basin (China)" Water 15, no. 16: 2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162875